[转帖]医学写作词汇表及英译汉-2010-07-04 02:09:02 AM
Tentatie topics for future issues include:
Bioethics and medical humanities 生物伦理学和医学人文学
Reproductie Technologies生殖技术
Genetics and Eugenics遗传学与优生学
Abortion and the Moral Status of Fetuses堕胎与胎儿的道德地位
Human Experimentation in Medicine医学的人体试验
Informed Consent病人知情同意权
Euthanasia安乐死
Rights of Patients患者权益
Aging衰老
Population Control人口控制
Enironmental Ethics环境伦理学
Feminist Bioethics女权主义生物伦理学
Christian Bioethics基督教生物伦理学
Medicine and Literature医学与文学
Medicine and Religion医学与宗教
Ethics, Medicine and Culture伦理、医学、文化
Medical Education and Humanities医学教育与人文学
Ethical Theories and Medical Ethics伦理学理论与医学伦理
Aristotle, Kant, Mill and Bioethics亚里士多德、康德、米勒与生物伦理学
History of Medicine 医学史
Western Studies of Medicine in China西方对中国医学的研究
enereal diseases (AIDS), rehabilitation medicine, sub-health (CFS: chronic fatigue syndrome), suicide, progress and adances in medical science, CHD, cardioascular diseases, mental health, health, hygiene, sanitory, psychological health, mental health, psychiatry, psychiatric, psychiatrist, therapy, treatment, patho-mechanism, pathogenesis, medical insurance (coerage), professional ethics, moral, ethic codes, Internet and medicine, remote medicine( distance medicine), irtual hospital, cyberspace, aging, senile, adolescence medicine.
Humanistic, humanism, patient-oriented (centered),geriatrics
8. 常用医学热门话题的关键词与表达方式
Human genome, gene bank, genetic therapy, genetic priacy, commercialization of/ protection of genetic resources, clone, cloning of human beings, human cloning, Stress, pressure, crazy pace of life and work
Transplant, brain ???? transgenetic, genetic modified food (GMF),
Infirmary
Diagnosis, diagnose, diagnostic, medical /heath checkups, examination, prescribe, prescription/doctor’s adice/ administration, indications, contraindication, fill it up, pharmacy/dispensary/drugstore/pharmacist, druggist, oer-dose, dosage, abuse, tolerance,
dependence, reliance, flu/influenza, accine, accination, intraenous injection, operating-room, operating table, lancet, scapel???, sterilize, disposable mask, injury, damage, wound, hurt, heal, recoer, treat/cure, insurance (coerage),
Health/ healthcare/ health serice/medicine, medical sciences, medicare, medicinal/medical –biological, drug/psychiatrics
Sore throat, ache, running nose, feer/high temperature, cough, fatigue, headache, faint, dizzy---cold
Cardioascular diseases: CHD, hypertension, sclerosis, myocardiac ischemia, infarction, clot, thrombus, angina, pectoic, stroke, shock, paralysis, handicaps, handicapped people should participate in some rehabilitation program. Cholesterol, obesity, obese, oerweight, fat, go on diet, dieting, the diet, put on weight, lose weight, keep fit, slim, slender, sturdy,
Hospital: medicine, operation, flu, symptom, diagnosis, blood /urine test, X-ray, checkup/ physical (exam), ward, nurse station, ICU, feer, cough, headache, temperature, blood-pressure, dizzy, rundown, operating-room, pharmacy, surgeon, physician, doctor’s office, general practitioner
Dentist's: toothache, caity, gum, pull out the tooth
Chemist's: fill /refill a prescription, pill, tablet, dosage, ointment, lotion, panacea, cure-all, miraculous effect
10. 写作中的常用词语及表达方式
I. 各类关联词
1）原因 because, because of, owing to, on account of, due to, since, in that, as, for, result from, be the result of, be the cause of
2）结果 therefore, so, as a result, accordingly, consequently, because of this, thus, hence, for this reason, result in, cause, bring about, gie rise to, be responsible for, hae an effect on
3）转折 句子间的转折：but, howeer, neertheless, yet, on the contrary, on the other hand, compared with, in contrast to, unlike
句子中的转折：although, whereas, while, conersely, in spite of, despite …
4）类似，相同 like, the same… as, similarly, in the same manner, in common, be like, resemble
5）不同，差异 A is (be) different from B, There is a significant difference between A and B; A is not like B;
6）常用开头词语
Generally speaking; It goes without saying that…; It is clear that…; It is often said that…; In general; arious iews exist as to …(名词或名词从句); There exist arious ideas (opinions) as for…; There different opinions as far as … is concerned;
7）常用的发展段的开头词语
Eerybody knows that …; It can be easily proed that…; It is true that…; No one can deny that…; The chief reason why …; We must recognize that…; I feel (think, agree, argue) that…; I propose(suggest, maintain) that…; This can be expressed as follows; Let us take … as an example; We hae eery reason to beliee that…; We know that…; What is more serious is that…
8）第二发展段的开头词语（语气或说法与第一发展段不同甚至相反）
Besides, we should not neglect that…; But it is a pity that…; But the problem is not so simple. Therefore …; Howeer, （转折词语）;
Others may find this to be true. But I do not. I beliee that …; On the other hand; There is a certain amount of truth in this, but I still hae a problem about…; Though we are in basic agreement with…; Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…;
9）结论词语 From this point of iew, In a word, On account of this we find that…; The result is…; Thus, this is the reason why …; To sum up, To conclude, In short
10）罗列词语 In the first place; First of all, For one thing,…for another; In the second place, First, Second, Third; Finally; Last but not the least;
11）添加词语 Besides; In addition; What is more; Moreoer
12）常用词语
1. 起…作用：to play a … role in
2. 面临：be faced with (faced with);
3. 对…很重要（关键）: be important (ital) for (to); be of great importance to
4. 提倡，推广，促进: adocate, promote
5. 帮助：help, be helpful to; contribute to; be beneficial to; be good to; facilitate
6. 忽视，忽略: ignore, oerlook, lose sight of;
7. 利用：make use of, utilize, use, make the best use of
8. 改善，完善: improe, perfect
9. 加强：strengthen, enhance, reinforce, fortify
10.增加: increase, enhance, multiply, add to
11.减少: decrease, reduce, cut down, drop
12.提高: raise, improe, rise
13.总共达：…amount(s, ed) to 数字
14.增长（减少）（数量）多少：to increase by X%, $1 million，
15. 增长（减少）到：increase/decrease to (最后的数字) The car output increased to 100,000 (in all, to in total)last year.
16.占多少(解释)：account for (百分比) X%
17.翻番：double
18.保持不变：remain the same; (did/do not change)
19.把…考虑到（进去）：take…into account (considerationa)
20.把…当作，看作：regard…as…; take…as…
21.把…误当作看作：take … for…; mistake…for…
22.表明，说明，显示：The results of the study, Sureys/The inestigation, …indicate that…
23.更不用说: much less; not to mention
24.注意，重视，强调: pay much attention to; attach great importance to; gie premium to; emphasize; stress
25.置于优先地位: prioritize
26.引起: gie rise to, cause, bring about, lead to
27.采取行动、措施take actions (steps, measures) to do
28.献身于，致力于：be deoted (dedicated) to, deote oneself to
29.关于：with regard to, as to, with respect to
30.生效：take effect, go into force, bring into practice, come into effect
31.关系：to hae to do with, to hae (something) nothing to do with, to be inoled in, to be related to, to come into contact with, to be concerned with
32.机会：to make an opportunity to do something; to hae an opportunity for doing (sth); be an opportunity for (to do sth.)
33.取得进步、进展：make progress(adances)
34.用…装备: equip … with (be equipped with; be armed with)
35.影响：affect, hae a … effect (impact) on…; influence;
36.在一定（某种）程度上：to some extent, in a way, to some degree
37.适应：to adapt oneself to, to get used to…
38.只有…才能：Only in this way, can 主语＋动词原形
e.g. Only in this way can we get ready for the coming FA***.
e.g. Only by attending Prof. Jiang’s lectures can we know how to prepare for the FA***.
E.g. The only way to 动词/for something is that…
39.可能性：It is probable that sth/sb. Will…; A is likely to…; It is impossible/possible (for sb./sth.) to do…; There is a possibility that…; There is a chance that… 从句；Chances are that 从句；
40.替代，取代：to take the place of; replace…with, in place of 节奏，步伐：pace, tempo of life and work
II. 常用句型
1. A think that…(clause)
2. It is 形容词 for somebody (something) to 动词/that…
3. 强调句型 It is 主语、宾语、壮语 +who, that, which + （动词＋名词）、（主语＋动词）、（主语＋动词＋名词）
e.g. It is Prof. Jiang’s lectures that helped me get well prepared for the coming FA***.
1. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.
2. It is (has been) estimated that the world's population could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.
3. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.
4. It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we can oercome.
5. As is known man is the product of labour.
6. It is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed.
7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.
8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.
9. It's hard to say whether the plan is practicable.
10. There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you hae any difficulties.
11. It seems certain that they hae made a series of experiments.
12. It is said that bats hae been using radar for millions of years.
14. As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was soled.
15. It must be admitted that you haen't done what you promised to do.
16. In my opinion, this computer is different from that one you saw.
17. It is certain that we hae a long way to go.
18. All this shows that nothing can preent us from reaching our aims.
19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.
20. It has been proed that eery substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms.
21. It has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within this year.
22. It is obious (eident) that the success of the innoation depends on our concerted efforts.
23. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you hae no other choice.
24. It is natural that one may hae trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple English.
25. What is more important, the agreement they hae negotiated is being carried out.
26. We will be successful as long as we perseere.
27. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not apply to things happening here.
28. It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the deeloped countries.
29. I take it for granted that they will support this idea.
I regard it as natural that they will agree to this idea.
30. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is neer satisfied with what he has achieed.
31. The oceans do not so much diide the world as unite it.
32. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
33. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
34. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn't utter a word.
35. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
36. Our goal must be attained. Our goal can unquestionably be attained.
37. Nothing can preent us from realizing the four modernizations.
38. Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, T sets, ideocorders.
39. No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.
40. It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations
这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所有的天平在构造原理和工作方法上存在多少差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更为精密的仪器，因而在计量上必然比前者准确得多。
72. Furthermore, it is obious that the strength of a countrys economy isdirectly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that
this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
［参考译文］
再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
本题属于复合句。句子框架是it is obious that...and that...
。It是形式主语。两个that引导的是两个主语从句，由and连接起来。
be bound up with意思是“与……有关系”。in turn的意思是“转而，反过来”。rest upon依靠，仰赖。this指的是前面提到的efficiency，翻译时要重复一下，即“效率的提高”。
73. Owing to the remarkable deelopment in masscommunications, people eerywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while goernments are often forced to introduce still further innoations for thereasons gien aboe.
［参考译文］大众通信的迅猛发展使得各地的人们正在感觉到有新的需求，接触新的习惯和新的想法。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。
本题属于复合结构。句子框架是people...are feeling new wants and arebeing exposed to new customs and ideas, while goernments are forced to introduce still further innoations for...。
owing to由于；mass communications大众通信；be exposed to接触；while然而。翻译时可将owing to引导的原因状语去掉，将其后的宾语the remarkable deelopment in mass communication译成汉语的主语，在其后加上“使得”二字。while一词表示“转折”可省略不译。
74. In the early industrialized countries of Europe，the processof industrializationwith all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread oer nearly a century, whereas nowadays a deeloping nationmay undergo the same process in a decade or so.
［参考译文］
在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
本题属于复合结构。句子框架是the process of industrialization...was spread oer nearly a century, whereas...a deeloping nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so。with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed在这里是附加that followed作all the farreaching changes in social patterns的定语。
farreaching深远的、深刻的；spread oer延续、持续；undergo经历；whereas然而，却。with的意思是“跟……一起，伴随”，这里译成“以及”。例如：His money, with his wifes comes to a million dollars.他的钱连同他太太的合计达100万美金。
75. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration moements-themseles made relatiely easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
［参考译文］
由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
本题属于简单句。句子框架是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...or problem arising from...
arising from“由……引起”，在句中作定语修饰problem。Additional social stresses不必逐字翻译，可转译成“对社会造成新的压力”。themseles指mass migration moement。因此括号里译成“使这种流动相对容易”。
一、不合习惯的说法
不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。一句话，一个词，在一个国家表达的是好意，引起人们好的联想和情感，在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意，引起人们不好的联想和情感。如果翻译不注意，就有可能引起误解或不快。而如果我们注意这些差异，在译文中加以运用，就可以收到较好的效果。在翻译不涉及政治、经济等重要问题，只涉及生活习惯、日常用语时，可以更灵活些，按照译入语的习惯说法表达意思。
2、对病人的问候
中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面，对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的效果。例如：中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说：得知贵体欠佳，深感不安和关切。直译：I was rather disturbed by and concerned about your illness.但这样翻译会使感到病情很重，只能加重病人的顾虑，达不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表达习惯，可译为：I am sorry to hear about your illness and wish you a speedy recoery.这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情，又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。
3、对待他人的表扬和感谢
在受到表扬或感谢时，中国人往往比较谦虚，会说：“这没什么。”“这是我应该做的。”或者，“哪里，哪里，我还做得很差。”如果直译：It is nothing. This is my duty. This is what I should do. Well, I hae not done ery well. There is still much to be improed.所有这些谦恭的话，在外国人听起来，都会显得做作。西方人通常会说：It’s my pleasure.
Thank you for your kind words. I feel flattered.翻译这些话时，宜根据西方的习惯来译。
4、迎接外宾时
中国人迎接远道而来的客人时常常会说：“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must hae been tired after the long flight(journey)而外国人喜欢在别人面前显得年轻、有朝气，不喜欢被人认为体弱，或有疲劳感。因此，上述问候话直译效果不好，可译成：How was the flight? Hae you had a pleasant flight?或者You hae had a long flight.
二、不够委婉的语气
有时有人讲话比较直率、唐突，直译可能会使人感到不太客气，甚至会失礼。译员应学习委婉说法，在翻译时把握好语气。但为外交斗争需要而使用针锋相对的语言除外。
例1 中国可作为贵国资源性产品的稳定市场，同时中国的许多工业产品可满足贵国市场的需要。直译：Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China and Chinese industrial products can meet the needs of your market.这么直译也许会让人担心，以为我们的工业品要去占领他们的市场。同样的意思可以翻得更客气一些。如：You may find a stable market in China for your primary products and may also get a number of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.
例2 我想向大家介绍一下你们所关心的经济问题。
直译：I wish to talk on China’s economic deelopment in which you are interested.
这样翻译，显得讲话者太肯定听众会对他所讲内容感兴趣。尽管讲话者知道听众是有兴趣的，但说得客气一点效果更好。可译为：I would like to brief you on China’s economic deelopment, which might be of interest to you.
另外，我们打交道的人大多是上层人士，我们必须学会使用礼貌文雅的语言，否则，会产生距离、反感，从而失去朋友，有损我形象。
1974年，加拿大“白求恩纪念委员会”访华代表团中有一位团员对我接待官员说，我方翻译像***，原因是那天早晨，翻译到他房间对他说：You hae breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leae here for the airport at 9.OK?语言简单、生硬、不礼貌，给外宾留下了不好的印象。建议对外宾说：Breakfast is at 8. Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30?we are going to leae here for the airport at 9.
曾有一位女翻译招呼外宾时，大声喊叫“Hello”而不知道说："Excuse me"，在宣布事情时总是：Attention please.而不是说：Ladies and Gentlemen, may I hae your attention please.结果一位外宾对此感到不快，说：I don’t want to talk to that wild girl.要人帮忙时，我们时常会说：你能告诉我到×××地方怎么走吗?你能说英语吗?等。如果英文译成：Can you tell me how to get to……?Can you speak English?那将是很不客气的问话。对方会以为你怀疑他的能力。因为英文字can表示能力。如果改为could,含义就不同了。可以译为：Could you please tell me how to get……? Do you speak English?一个陌生人问你如何去某地时，你
很可能传说：“最好坐公共汽车去。”如将这句话译为You’d better take a bus,听起来不够礼貌。因为You’d better……这个句型含有You hae a duty to do something,或You hae an obligation to…的意思。是一种命令语气，常用于晚辈或下属。因此，这样翻译不够礼貌。这句话有许多客气的表达方法。
如：I suggest you take a bus.
It might be better to take a bus.
Perhaps you might like to take a bus.
Why not take a bus?
I think the best way is by bus.
总之，我们翻译工作者必须学会礼貌用语，委婉表达法。中国驻悉尼总领事段津在谈到对外往的沟通艺术时曾介绍了一些礼貌用语。如：在对别人的意见表示不同看法时可以说：
I hae to disagree with you, but I would think…或者Well, there’s a point in what you said, but …对某件事表示不同意见时，可以说：Would it not be better if…请别人帮忙时，可以说：Could you do me a faour, 或者Excuse me ,I hae a problem,…等等。在绝别人要求时，可以说：I am afraid it doesn’t work.或者I wonder whether it will work, but I’ll try my best.
一些学识渊博、经验丰富的外交官非常善于使用委婉客气的语气来表达不同意见。譬如，一个外国代表团在一次国际会议上，是这样对一个国际会议领导职位侯选人的提名表示不同意见的。他说："As an experienced Minister with a distinguished record of serice, we are confident that he has all the attributes to be an outstanding president of this Conference…but
I hae to place before you some of the reserations that we hae about this nomination. If I may, I will share with you some of our concerns. Such a presidency will be misread by those outside the ILO as signaling that…”可以译为：他是一位有经验的部长，并做出了出色的成绩。我们相信，他完全具有条件，可以成为一个杰出的会议**。但是，我不是不陈述我们对于这一提名的保留意见。请允许我向你们谈谈我们所关注的一些问题。这一**的提名会被国际劳工组织以外的人误解为发出一个……的信号。”这位团长既清楚地表达了反对意见，但又讲得非常委婉、客气。这些表达方法很值得我们学习、借鉴。
三、动词使用不当
英语动词往往有其特定的用法。如不熟悉，就会出错。以下仅举两例来说明动词的不同形态、类型。
例1 Welcome
中文中经常会出现，“欢迎某人做某事”的句子，按中文语序翻译这样的句子，往往会出现中式英文。北京长安街两个大饭店门前大牌子上有两条表示欢迎的大标语：“北京欢迎您”、“国际饭店欢迎您”。同时又用英语书写了这两条标语的意思：Beijing Is Waiting for You (北京正等着您)和International Hotel Welcomes You.中国民航赠送的挎包上曾印有中、英文的欢迎词：欢迎乘坐中国民航，Welcome you to fly CAAC.英语中的“欢迎”通常使用"welcome"这个词。Welcome作动词时有两种形式可用：动词+宾语，动词+宾语
+副词短语。习惯上可以译为welcome somebody to somewhere,或welcome to a place.显然上述译法不符合这个英文词的通常表达习惯。应译为：Welcome to Beijing, Welcome to International Hotel 和Welcome to fly CAAC。如要翻译“欢迎贵国工商界人士到中国去投资”，不能译为：We welcome people from the business community of your country to make inestment in China.可译为：i)People from the business community here in this country are welcome to make inestment in China.或ii)We hope that people from the business community here in this country will go and inest in China.
例2 Guide
Guide这个字只有两种erb pattern适用它。即：动词+宾语；动词+宾语+副词短语，动词+宾语+副词性小品词。如：“积极引导外资参与企业技改”一句，不能译为：Efforts will be made to guide foreign capital to go to the technological upgrading of enterprises.这不符合guide的习惯用法。它可以译为：Efforts will be made to guide more foreign inestment to the technical upgrading of enterprises
四、禁语的译法
任何社会都会有一些要求大家遵循的行为准则。如：公共场合不准吸烟、不准乱扔果皮纸屑、不准大声喧哗等。有些单位还根据本单位情况制定一些规则。如何翻译禁语是需要注意的又一个重要问题。中文禁语比较严肃，用词直截了当，以体现其法律效力。而外国人有时以比较婉转的口吻表达同样的意思。我们应尽量以译入语禁语的习惯表达方式来翻译禁语，并力求简洁。请比较下述两例的两种译法，第一种译法是我国一些地方标出的译文。第二种译法是建议译文。
例1 禁止拍照
Forbid photograph
No Photos
例2 禁止吸烟
Forbid Smoking
No Smoking或者Thank you for not smoking.
比如，在2003年的试题中有这样一句话:
经典例题1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeaors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
有的考生一看这个句子，不加以理解就直译为:“社会科学是那个智力询问的分支，它寻找研究人类和他们的努力。在同样自然的、有序的、系统的方式下，自然科学家也用智力询问的方式来研究自然现象。”
显然，这个汉语句子让人不知所云。
再比如，2001年试题中的一句话:
经典例题2 There will be teleision chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
有的考生看到这句话很短，感觉翻译起来比较容易。在没有深入理解句子的情况下，写出这样的译文:“将会有机器人控制的电视聊天节目，以及带有污染监视器的汽车在冒犯时，司机就不能工作了。”看这样的译文，无异于看天书。
研究生英语考试英译汉的常用词的翻译
一、名词复数的翻译
一般来说，名词复数的词义都是属于从抽象到具体的引申。所以我们在翻译时一定要加倍注意，以免造成歧义，可以察看以下实例：
例1 The waters from the east are clear and blue ;they come from hills and alleysswheresplentiful forest and plant coer has kept the soil from being washed away.
译文：东面的水流清澈碧蓝，因为那里的山峦和山谷都被茂密的树木覆盖着，泥沙没有被冲刷到河水中。
例2 Such economies may appear when compared to President Carter's pay increase for most of his aids.
译文：如果与卡特总统为大部分助理增加的薪金相比，这些节约措施看来也许是微不足道的。
二、冠词的翻译
例1 The fugities traeled by night and rested by day.
译文：逃亡者夜行昼伏。
例2 Four of us will fly to New York.
译文：我们中间有四人将飞往纽约。
例3 Take an umbrella in case of rain.
译文：带把伞去，以防下雨
例4 The changes are an improement in a way
译文：这些变化从某种意义上说是一种进步。
三、情态动词的翻译
例1 汉语中有能愿动词，英语中有情态动词。情态动词的意义很不稳定，所以要准确翻译出can,could,dare,need,may,might,shall,should,must,will,would等动词的情态意义并不是一件容易事。一般来说，我们在理解情态动词的意义时，应该把握两点：一是掌握他们的基本意义，二是根据上下文来判断。情态动词可表示可能性、必然性、允许与拒绝、估计与判定、劝告与禁止、承诺与意愿、命令与要求等各方面的意思。
汉语中的能愿动词有以下三类：
(1)表“可能性”的能愿动词，如“能、能够、会、可以、可能”等；
(2)表“倾向性”的能原动词，如“敢、肯、要、愿、愿意”等。
(3)表“必要性”的能愿动词，如“该、应该、应当、必须、需要”等。
通常，在英译汉中，我们可依赖以上三类能愿动词，但有些时候，仅仅凭借这些能愿动词还是不够的，这就需要我们借助于其他能够表示情态的实义词或虚词来实现句子中的情态意义。下面是具体实例说明：
例1 Some psychological experiments are conducted on less regular basis and your efforts can be thankless.
分析：该句中的情态动词can不表示“可能性、能力、意愿或许可”意义，它表示的是一种偶或可能性，通常译为“有时会、往往会”等。
译文：有些心理实验做得并不很有规律，因此，你往往白费气力。
例2 Electronic engineering and the further deelopment of computer technology could proide the impetus needed in production.
分析：could的意义有：(1)表示过去的能力或意愿，即can的过去式；(2)表示允许，常译为“只要…….。可以……”；(3)表示可能，只是在可能性上不及can；(4)表示“惊奇、怀疑”等，通常译为“竟能。真会、果真能，居然、却不料”等(5)表虚拟，指在虚拟语气中的使用；表示“对过去时间的否定推论”，常译为“不可能、总不至于、不见得一定就、倒并没有”等意思；(7)表示“委婉、敬意”等，通常译为“….行吗？”或“可以、能”等。该句中的could表示的是“一般可能性”，所以我们把它译为“可以”。
译文：电子工程和计算机技术的进一步发展则可以为生产提供所需要的动力。
英译汉中常考的短语及句型(推荐)
1.as 引导的特殊状语丛句，翻译时作定语丛句处理
例："In short", a leader of the new school contends , "the scientific reolution ,as we all it,was largely the improement and inention and use of a instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directinons."(1994年考研试题)
[译文] 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简言之，我们所称之为的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
2.anyting but 根本不；nothing but 只不过是；all but 几乎，差一点；除……以外其余都是；but for 要不是；but ＋丛句，若不是……
例1.：Alone in a deserted house , he was so busy with his rescarch work that he felt anything but lonely.(1990年考研试题)
[译文]：虽然他孤独一人住在这幢房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。
[注释]：句中 anything but 意为 except。试对比：He seldom talked of anyting butthe experssion of the necessary mode of working of the human mind ; it is simply the mode by all phenomena are reasoned about and gien precise and exact explanation.(1993年考研试题)
[译文]：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活的的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的表达方式。
例3.The party was all but oer when we arried.
[译文]：我们到达时，聚会已近尾声。
[注释]：此句中 all but 意为 nearly , almost。
例4.But for the rain, we would hae had a nice holiday .
[译文]：要不是因为下雨，我们的假日一定过得很惬意。
3.“名词，＋or ＋名词”结构中 or 后的名词是同位语，应译为“即……；或者称……”
例：Moreoer , technology includes techniques, or ways to do things ,as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.
[译文]：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。
4.“...，only to ＋动词”意为“……，结果却……”
例:They don"t hae to pay for expensie seats at the theatre , the cinema or the opera ,only to discoer,perhaps, that the show is disappionting .(1995年考研试题)
[译文]：他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的戏票，结果却发现，所演的节目令人失望。
[注释]：“..., only to ＋.”表示句子谓语动作的目的相反结果。
5. not nearly 永远不
例：Food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this , which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.(1991年考研试题)
[译文]：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。
6. not so much ... as ... 与其说……不如说……
例1.Science moes forward , they say , not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like imporoed techniques and tools.(1994年考研试题)
[译文]：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
例2.The coneniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which een minutes of time are too aluable to be wasted.(1995年考研试题)
[译文]：美国人所需要的各种便利条件与其说是反映一种从容不迫的生活方式，还不如说反映一种忙碌的生活方式。在这种忙碌的生活方式中甚至几分钟时间都得珍惜。
[注释]：
1) not so much as 连在一起写，则意为“连……都不(肯)”
如：He didn"t so much as thank me for returning his money that I find .
我把找到的钱还给他，他却连谢都不肯谢。
2)该句型有时也用 not so much ... but ...
如：The important thing is not so much the actual population of the world , but its rate of increase.
重要的与其说是世界的实际人口量，还不如说是人口的增长率。
3).要注意“not so much ... but ... ”与“not so ＋形容词＋but＋丛句”之意的区别，后者意为“虽然……但是……”
例如：The bridge was not so crowded but the bicycles could go through .
这桥上虽然很拥挤，但是自行车还能穿过去。
7.much less , still less 引导的词组或丛句，表示一种追加的否定
less 是由 little 的否定意义而来的，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，意为“更不必说”。to say nothing of , not to speak of , not to mention , let alone 意为“更不消说”，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与 much less 和 still less 有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义。如果前一句是否定，则追加的也是否定意义。
例1.I could not agree to , much less paticipate in such proceedings.
[译文]：我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。
例2.He knows little of mathematics , and still less of chemistry .(1991 年考研试题)
[译文]：他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。)
例3. In old China , there was hardly any machine-building industry , to say nothing of an eletronic industry.(1985 年考研试题)
[译文]：在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制作工业，更不用说电子工业了。
例4. I don"t konw algebra or geomtry , not to mention calculus.
[译文]：我连代数几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。
例5. I can"t add two and tow , let alone do fraction .
[译文]：我2加2都不会，更不用说做分数题了。
注意：《美国成语词典》认为 let alone 只能用于追加的否定，但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：There were fie people in the car , let alone the luggage and the two dogs .车里已经坐了五个人了，行李和那两条狗就不带走了。
8. no more ... than ... 和……一样都不……
例1. The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach , for they are both controlled by the brain.( 1994 年考研试题)
[译文]：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。
例2. There is no reason they should limit how much itamin you take , any more than they can limit how much water you drink.( 1993年考研试题)
[译文]：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。
9. more ... than ... 与其……不如……
例1. He is a man who is more brae than wise .
[译文]：与其说他是一个勇敢的人，不如说他是一个聪明人。
[注释]：
1). more ... than 常用来比较同一个人或者同一个事物的两种不同特征。
又如：He is more mad than stupid.他与其说是笨，不如说是疯。
2). more than ＋丛句(句中有 can 或 could )：实在不能……。
例如：Some of the suggestions are more than we can accept .有些建议我们实在不能接受。
3). not more ＋名词＋than ＋句词：与……一样(是)，
如：A big elephant is not more an animal than a little cat is .大象和小猫也一样是动物。
4). (be) more of a ... than a ... ：与其说是……不如说是……，
如：He is more of a politican than a scholar.与其说他是个学者，不如说是个政客。
10. no less than 简直是，实在是
例1. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price .
[译文]：如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。
2004年考研英语英译汉试题原文：
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how dierse language could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were ery different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many natie languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages hae since anished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their natie languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, howeer, who were less eager to deal with bizarre(古怪的) data from "exotic（外来的）" language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars een accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Natie American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Naajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf deeloped the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a gien language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to beliee in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（假说）, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diersity of languages, Sapir himself neer explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
此文讨论的是为什么哲学家长期以来对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣。开篇即指出，早在古希腊，人们就认识到语言与思维有关联，而将语言研究用于不同的语言上，则是近代的事。文中以20世纪上半叶的两个著名人类学家、语言学家Franz Boas 和Edward Sapir为例，指出他们对人类语言研究方面做出的贡献。文中的另一重要人物是Sapir 的学生Benjamin Lee Whorf，他通过分析部落语言的兴衰证明了语言与文化的不可分割性，提出了Sapir-Whorf假说。下面我们对5个划线句的翻译分别给出具体的分析解答过程。
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how dierse language could be.
解析
这是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：
主句的主、谓结构：The Greeks assumed that 希腊人假定
宾语从句：the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought语言结构与思想的过程之间有某种联系
定语从句：which took root in Europe（这种想法）扎根于欧洲
时间状语从句：long before people realized how dierse language could be早在人们意识到语言会有多么的不同之前
翻译方法技巧
此句可以采用层层剥茧的方法，先抓住整个句子的结构，然后再考虑具体的措词问题。在理清了上述结构之后，还需注意下面几个词语的处理：
assumed 假定；认为；以为
the process of thought思想的过程；思维过程
took root生根；扎根
long before 早在…之前；不要与before long（不久，不久以后）相混淆
how dierse 多么的不同；多么的千差万别
could be 可能会是（can 过去式）
经过草拟、调整和修改，此句可译作：
希腊人认为，语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。这种想法，早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了。
(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages hae since anished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their natie languages.
解析
这是一个带原因状语从句、定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：
主句的主、谓、宾结构：We are obliged to them 我们感激他们
原因状语从句：because some of these languages hae since anished因为自此这些语言中的一部分消失了
定语从句：as the peoples who spoke them die d out or became assimilated and lost their natie languages 因为讲它们的人灭亡了或同化了，并且丧失了自己的语言
翻译方法技巧
此句的结构并不难掌握，主要是准确表达其中的下面几个措辞：
be obliged to感激某人
hae since anished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了；此处的since 表示 “从此以后”之意；
die out 灭绝，完全的灭亡（cease liing completely; become extinct）；不宜译作 “死亡，消失”。
经过草拟、修改，此句最终可定为：
我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。
(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars een accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
解析
这是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为：
The …languages were so different from.. that …各种语言是如此的不同，以至于……
结果状语：some scholars een accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料
定语：The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言
介词from 的宾语：the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言
翻译方法技巧
翻译此句的关键在于掌握结构原文的so ... that …（如此…以至于）结构；措词表达上，应当注意accused sb. of sth. (指责／谴责某人作了某事)，fabricating（捏造, 伪造, 虚构），以及The newly described（这些新近被描述的），strikingly different（显著的不同），the well studied languages（经过充分研究的各种语言）的准确译法。
经过结构调整、理顺关系，我们可将此句译作：
这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料。
(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf deeloped the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
解析
这是一个由现在分词短语引起的带同位语从句的复合句。
主句的主、谓、宾结构为：Whorf deeloped the idea Whorf 逐渐形成了这种见解
同位语从句：（the idea）that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society 在一个社会里，语言的结构决定习惯思想的结构
现在分词短语：Being interested in the relationship of language and thought（他）对语言与思维的关系感兴趣
翻译方法技巧
此句的结构较为简单，主要是汉语表达要恰当；being interested in …应译作一个句子，即 “Whorf对语思维的关系很感兴趣”，deelop与idea搭配，不宜照字面译作 “发展”，而是“形成观点”，否则不合汉语的表达习惯；habitual thought 应译作 “习惯(性)思维”，而不宜译作 “思考、思想”。同位语结构可考虑用冒号提示性方法来处理。
经过以上分析思索，此句可最终定为：
Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，他逐渐形成了这样一种观念：在一个社会里，语言的结构决定了习惯思维的结构。
(65) Whorf came to beliee in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
解析
这是一个带宾语从句，定语从句的复合句，其框架结构分析如下：
主句的主、谓结构：Whorf came to beliee in a sort of linguistic determinism Whorf逐渐相信某种语言决定论
定语从句：（带两个并列宾语从句）which, …states that, …and that..这一论点宣称，……而且宣称……
并列宾语从句1：language imprisons the mind in 语言将思想禁锢其中
并列宾语从句2：the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society 语言的语法模式可以对某一社会文化产生深远的影响。
插入成分：in its strongest form以自己最强烈的形式
翻译方法技巧
此句是5个试题中最难的一句。一是结构复杂，句中有句，一环套一环；二是一些词语不宜直译，如：come to beliee 开始相信；in its strongest form在其最强烈的形式下；imprison把……关在监狱中，囚禁；far-reaching伸得很远的；都需要按汉语表达习惯在措辞上进行调整，才能翻译出正确的意思。
经过结构调整、文字斟酌，我们可将此句译作：
Whorf逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点；这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。
附：英译汉参考答案
61.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别之前早就已在欧洲扎下了根。
62.我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，或是因为说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。
63.这些新被描述的语言与已得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。
64.Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
65.Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
理解虚拟语气。虚拟语气是英语特有的一种表达方式。是比较复杂的一种语法现象。它包括对现在、未来、过去的假设，可以用于状语从句中，也可用于名词性从句中。它在英语中有多种表现，译成汉语时一定要弄清它的对象与范围，尽量把虚拟的意思传达出来。
There is a long list of flyblown metaphors which could similarly be got rid of if enough people would interest themseles in the job; and it should also be possible to laugh the “not un” formation out of existence, to reduce the amount of Latin and Greek in the aerage sentence, to drie out foreign phrases and strayed scientific words, and, in general, to make pretentiousness unfashionable.
如果人们有兴趣，完全可以用同样方法把这一长列陈腐的比喻用法去除掉；也有可能使not un结构不复存在，或减少一般句子中拉丁和希腊语的用量，或清除外国说法和语意不清的科学术语，总之，要使矫情做作，自命不凡变得不再时髦。
这句在长句中还算是结构清楚的，因为有分号把前后文截开，又有几个并列的动词不定式，因此找到句子的主语，搞清句式还不算太难。有的长句则各成份的关系不能一眼就看明白。
例：
He moes through Harlem, therefore, like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country, which is precisely what, and where, he is, and is the reason he walks in twos and threes.
所以，他就象一个驻扎在怀有强烈敌意的他国的占领军士兵一样走过哈莱姆；这正是他的身份，他所在之处，和他仨俩成群地走过的原因。
这句省略较多，句子的插入成份也较多，初读之下可能会产生疑惑，但是分析一下，就会发现，其实可以在头脑中把后半部分补全，成为which is precisely what he is and where he is and why he walks in twos and threes.这样问题就可迎刃而解。
以下有五个长句，大家可以自己练习一下。写出一种翻译后，可以试试，看有没有别的更好的译文。然后再翻回英文，看看你对原文的理解是否正确，你翻回的英文是否与原来的英文相符。这种互译的方法可以检查自己翻译水平，提高自己翻译能力。
NO.1
I lay oerwhelming emphasis on the increase of national purchasing power resulting from goernmental expenditure which is financed by loans.
NO.2
If a proidential whisper had told Murray at the moment a hundred years ago (when at the age of forty he agreed to edit the dictionary)that nine years after the work had started only the letters A and B would hae been published, and that he would die at the age of 78 without haing quite reached the end of his endeaor, would he eer hae set out on such a life work?
NO.3
It is ery misleading and rather artificial to see those organs isolated one by one like this, because we are not simply a larder, an inentory of bits and pieces; all the work together to make up a single, indiisible system, harnessed to the brain.
NO.4
When listening to all but the simplest scientific programmes I find it essential to take notes, for often, if I don't, I discoer at the end that concentration on hearing and understanding the details has absorbed my aailable energies and I am unable to recall the argument and grasp the whole.
NO.5
Eerybody ought to be liing quite comfortably by working four or fie hours a day with two Sundays in the week, yet millions of laborers die in the workhouse or on the dole after 60 years of hard toil so that a few babies may hae hundreds of thousands of pounds a year.
校改
初稿写成了还需校改。校改非常必要。翻译五句的时间有限，只有十五分钟，每句平均只有三分钟，一般学生只有时间打个腹稿，没有时间在纸上打草稿，改好后再在试卷上誊清，因此最后这步校改就显得格外重要。且不说忙乱中可能有错别字，标点错误，更严重的是前后重复，语言罗嗦，甚至把句意搞错。
那么，校改时需要注意什么问题，或是改什么呢?主要是改掉“翻译腔”。从一种完全不同于汉语的语言翻译成汉语，不仅语言文字有所转换，连思维也经历了一次变动。原来的英文说法可能被原封不动地保留下来，在汉语里听起来难免别扭，这就是所谓的“翻译腔”。要去除“翻译腔”，要求对本国语言有良好的把握，有较强的文字组织能力，尽量通顺的汉语表达通顺的英文。
但是，这不等于说坚决杜绝“欧化句”。有人主张有一点洋味是好的。在照顾中文基本文法构造的原则下，逐渐输入一点欧化语法，可以把我国语文不太精密的文法慢慢地，有步骤地改造得精密起来。但是，如果操之过急，想把我们的文法构造一下子推翻，另创一套，就会造成一种混乱状态，所以“欧化句”的引入只能小心，谨慎，逐步去做。有些欧化句初看也许不习惯，但慢慢就会习惯。事实上，我们习惯了以前看起来相当“洋”的一些说法，例如“美国一定会失败，虽然美国战争贩子认为自己不得了”。这样的句子，我们的祖先看了一定会觉得奇怪，甚至认为不通，但现在已经司空见惯，被人认为是合适的了。在应试时，应尽量避免“欧化句”，切勿把句子翻译得别别扭扭。
1．总的原则
（1）翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯
（2）翻译不可太拘泥。拘泥、刻板的翻译因死守原文语言形式而损害了原文思想内容。好的译文应该是形式与内容的统一
（3）能够直译尽量不意译
（4）翻译的过程应该是先理解后表达。现就这一点作进一步论述。
2．结合英文写作特点对语言进行整体理解首先，英文段落的首句一般为topic sentence，然后展开说明。展开的写法有多种，可分可总，可下定义，可同义重复，可以代词复指等。利用这一技巧，先通读全文，便能更好的理解文章的意思，把握段与段之间的关系，在翻译时就能在上下文中确定词义，从而进行准确的翻译.其次，就具体而言：
（1）对词的理解可以从构思法、词的搭配关系和词汇之间的逻辑关系等方面入手
（2）对句子的理解可以从句子的内在逻辑、成分之间的从属关系和句子的语法组成等方面来实现
（3）对于长句，可采用如下译法：
顺译法：按照原文顺序译
逆续法：顺序与原文顺序相反
重复法：重复前一个词
分译法：一个句子分成几个部分来翻译
括号法：在译文后加括号进行解释和说明等
终合法：综合运用上述各种方法
3．表达
正确理解原文后，还要通过适当的翻译技巧用规范的汉语表达出来。这些技巧有： （1）增词法。根据需要增加一些词语，如名词等
（2）减词法。根据汉语习惯，删去一些词
（3）肯否表达法。原文为肯定句，译成汉语是为增强修饰效果，可以译为否定句。
反之亦然
（4）变换法，名词译成动词或动词转译成名词等
（5）分合法。一个长句可分成若干部分来译，或者把原文的几个简单句用一个句
子表达出来。
（6）省略法：两种语言由于存在差异，表达时不可能总是对等，经常可以省略一
些词和句子成分，如英语中的冠词汉语里没有，译时可以省略
4．应试中还应注意的问题
（1）词的指代问题要搞清楚
（2）汉语知识的应用，如修辞等
（3）部分否定和否定重点。部分否定，如not all; 否定重点，如I don't teach because I hae knowledge. (我并非因为有知识才去教书) 。否定重点为 because, 而不是teach。
（4）虚拟语气。这种语法现象有时并非只表示字面意思，它经常有感情色彩，译时要注意。
（5）要认真地通读全文，根据上下文来确定词义、句意，切不可断章取义，望文生义.
5．核对原文
考研英译汉的几点启示
一、何为翻译？
英语的翻译“translation”是由trans-和 late-构成，前者是“跨”的意思。可见，translation的意思是指两个语言的信息转换，即甲方说的意思换成乙方的语言表达。美国一翻译理论家Steiner说：“翻译就是理解。”理解的对象就是原文的意义，理解原文的意义是达到翻译标准“忠实、通顺”的前一项（忠实）的前提，“通顺”只是表达阶段的事。不论是什么翻译，意义为先，形式为次。因此，可以说，理解为先，表达为次。在没有弄清原文的情况下匆匆翻译，只能是一知半解，通常译文对原文不忠实或欠忠实，在理解上犯错，其表达是不可能正确的，只能是“猜译”。
我国历年考研的英译汉要求考生在一篇约400词左右的短文中翻译其中的五个句子，多半命题者认为是可译而难译的长句。那么，如何转换语言信息呢？
二、翻译的过程
翻译的第一阶段是理解，通常按照先小后大的过程来把握该句的核心结构和中心思想。然后才是领会原句各部分意义和全句的意义总和。例如95年的第72题：How well the predictions will be alidated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这句话的结构是:主语从句+并列谓语+定语从句(修饰第二个宾语成分)。抓住了原句的核心结构，其含义就跃然纸上了：“预测在多大程度上被...取决于...同时取决于...。”这只是停留在理解阶段，还需要再琢磨每个词组、意群。
翻译的第二阶段就是表达了。通常可以“先小后大”，再一个意群一个意群的地翻译。这个过程和理解阶段的过程正好相反。即首先解决词汇问题。尤其是要关注熟词僻义的陷阱。利用语境来猜测词义是可取的做法。例如97年的第73题：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it inites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no considerations at all.这句话中的inite显然不是邀请的含义, 根据上下文应该可以猜到”导致,使得”是其正确的语义。这也体现了翻译中的一个原则：辞典意不可靠，语境重要。
三、翻译的准备
从近几年英译汉试题的文章来看，大多数为议论文，其结构严谨，逻辑性强，从1980年到2002的文章类型统计来看，科普有12篇，占41.38%；社会生活有14篇，占48.28%；人物有2篇，占6.9%；地理有1篇，占3.44%。由此可见，社会科学类的文章还是在考研的翻译题中扮演着重要的角色。考生应该在平时的备考中多接触此类文章，反复练习如何在自己不熟悉的领域中猜测专有名词或其他短语的含义。如二十一世纪科技新视野从书（煤炭工业出版社）中，有一些介绍最新科技动态的文章。书中的每段英文都附有中文的翻译，在做翻译练习时，考生应先遮住中文解释，运用自己的词汇量和语法知识来把握大意。如在未来探索一书中有这样一段文字：Space entrepreneurs are also eyeing Earth’s moon and the asteroid belt. The recent discoery of signs of ice at the lunar poles has reied talk of a manned base on the moon. But the near-Earth asteroids, which trael in orbits that cross or graze Earth’s orbit. 此句中下划线的单词请同学们思考,如何利用自己的常识和对上下文的猜测来准确地把握语意。肯定有同学在读完这一段时会发出这样的感慨：太复杂了。所谓熟能生巧，语言的学习也是如此。只要大量实践，每天累积，一定能在翻译题中走出一片新天地。此句的正解如下：太空企业家还把目光投向地球的卫星和小行星带。最近在月球两极发现了冰的迹象，使得在月球上建立由人操纵的基地这一说法重新流行起来。但是，在穿过或掠过地球轨道的，在轨道上运行的近地球小行星或许是发展商业的更好场所。
无论是选用真题还是模拟题来准备翻译题，考生都应该注意采用“四步定位”法，即结构分析，句子切分，词义推敲和检查核对。考试中要求翻译的五个句子通常包括了定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句等从属结构；或是句子虽不长，但是包含较难晦涩的词、词组。所以考生一定要习惯对英语的句子做结构分析，定位关键词，而不是盲目地动笔，机械地从第一个词翻到最后一个词。这样通常会忽略复杂的语法现象和词义的引申。英译汉是创造性地运用汉语将英语所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。它不仅要求一定的英语基本功，也要求较好的汉语表达能力，而从卷面分析，考生败笔的一个主要原因就是对翻译技巧不甚了解，不敢调整词序或语序，不敢进行词类转换所致。因此，在备考时，应多注意总结“破译”的利器。
爱玩电脑又想赚点小钱、发点小财的朋友就请跟我来！! ! （最好先复制下来，再慢慢看！！）
发表者QINQIN 时间 2010-07-04 02:09:02 AM
0 条评论
【求助】求助哪有医学翻译软件？
求助大家：兼职医学英语翻译怎么收费？？急！！！！
急急急
临床思维与决策
谢谢，已得帮助
医学英语授课课件
请教论文英文摘要，愿以积分作为交换，已成功翻译
“isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside”如何翻译？
求教：翻译 (职务与编委)
求助翻译
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