GMP英语学习-2010-06-30 06:12:01 PM
abatement 1:减少 2:消除;ablution 1:清洗 2:洗净液;abnormal distribution 1:非正态分布;aboe-critical 临界以上的;aboe proof 超过标准;abrasie 1:磨料,研磨机;abrupt change !:陡变 2:(滴定)突跃;absolute calibration cure method 绝对校准曲线法;absolution configuration 绝对构型;absolute deiation 绝对偏差;absolute error 绝对误差;absolute ethyl alcohol 无水乙醇;absolute humidity 绝对湿度;absolute manometer 绝对压力计;absolute isotopic abundance measurement 绝对同位素丰度测量;absolute precision 绝对精密度;absolute sensitiity 绝对灵敏度;absolute mobility 绝对淌度;absolute retention time 绝对保留时间;absolute refractie index 绝对折射率;absolute stability constant 绝对稳定常数;absolute temperature 绝对温度;absorbance index =absorptiity 1:吸收系数 2:吸光系数;absorbance 吸收度,吸光度;absorbance ratio 吸光度比值;absorbed dose 吸收计量;absorbed layer (被)吸收层;absorbent 吸收剂;吸收的,有吸收力的;absorbing band 吸收带;absorption 吸收;absorption chamber 吸收室;absorption factor 吸收率;absorption index 吸收指数;absorption peak 吸收峰;absorption power 吸收能力;absorption region 吸收范围;absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法;absorption spectrum 吸收光谱;absorption tube support 吸收管架;absorption alue 吸收值;abundance 丰度;abundance of element 元素丰度;accelerator (粒子)加速器;acceptable life 有效使用寿命;acceptance quality leel (AQL)合格质量标准;acceptance leel 验收标准;accidental error 偶然误差;accessory substance 副产物;accommodation 调节;accuracy 准确度;
本人一定努力!!!!
Thingk U 564
PIC的权威翻译:药品生产检查相互承认公约。
他有很多指南都是很权威的,也是外商审计依据的标准。
API(Actie Pharmaceutical Ingrediet) 原料药 又称:活性药物组分
AirLock 气闸 Authorized Person 授权人 Batch/Lot 批次
Batch Number/Lot-Number 批号;Batch Numbering System 批次编码系统;
Batch Records 批记录;Bulk Product 待包装品;Calibration 校正;Clean area洁净区;Consignmecnt(Deliery)托销药品。
IND(INESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG):临床研究申请(指申报阶段,相对于NDA而
言);研究中的新药(指新药开发阶段,相对于新药而言,即临床前研究结束)
NDA(NEW DRUG APPLICATION):新药申请
ANDA(ABBREIATED NEW DRUG APPLICATION):简化新药申请
TREATMENT IND:研究中的新药用于治疗
ABBREIATED(NEW)DRUG:简化申请的新药
DMF(DRUG MASTER FILE):药物主文件(持有者为谨慎起见而准备的保密资料,可以
包括一个或多个人用药物在制备、加工、包装和贮存过程中所涉及的设备、生产过程或物
品。只有在DMF持有者或授权代表以授权书的形式授权给FDA,FDA在审查IND、
NDA、ANDA时才能参考其内容)
HOLDER:DMF持有者
CFR(CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATION):(美国)联邦法规
PANEL:专家小组
BATCH PRODUCTION:批量生产;分批生产
BATCH PRODUCTION RECORDS:生产批号记录
POST-OR PRE- MARKET SUREILLANCE:销售前或销售后监督
INFORMED CONSENT:知情同意(患者对治疗或受试者对医疗试验了解后表示同意接受治疗或试验)
PRESCRIPTION DRUG:处方药
OTC DRUG(OER—THE—COUNTER DRUG):非处方药
我现在也在学这个 可我的英语基础有点差 别说四级就是A级(三级)也是代考的 呵呵
我们公司现在要准备FDA了 我是感到力不从心啊
希望在这里,在大家的帮助下努力学习啊!!
请大家翻译一下英文:
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Technological and technical progress hae increased in the pharmaceutical
industry in the last decades. Progress has not only been made in the area of
production equipment, technology and quality control but also in the area of
auxiliary systems such as HAC and media systems.
2.2 PIC/S has paid due attention to these systems for the manufacture of medicinal
products. In 2001, the annual PIC/S Seminar was deoted to the inspection of
utilities used by the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals (Prague, Czech Republic).
2.1 Technological and technical progress hae increased in the pharmaceutical
industry in the last decades. Progress has not only been made in the area of
production equipment, technology and quality control but also in the area of
auxiliary systems such as HAC and media systems.
2;介绍
2,1
最近十年内,在药学工业领域工艺和技术已经取得了巨大的进步。不仅产品仪器,技术,还有质量控制区的了巨大的进步,而且辅助系统像HAC(我个人认为是heating,entilating,air conditioning]取暖、通风和空调)还有媒体系统也有了很大的改进。
products. In 2001, the annual PIC/S Seminar was deoted to the inspection of
utilities used by the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals (Prague, Czech Republic).
2.2 PIC/S(药品检查协会)已经开始注意药品生产商使用的系统。 2001年,年度药品检查协会研讨会致力于对捷克布拉格药品生产商使用的仪器进行检查。
空余时间,做点事情,翻译的可信程度需要考究。谢谢。
2.1 近十年来,制药业的科技的进步得到了加强。这一进步不仅表现在制药设备、制药技术和药品质量控制方面,而且还表现在辅助系统(像空调系统和介质系统)方面。
2.2 药品生产的这些系统已受到PIC/S的重视。在2001年的一年一次的PIC/S研讨会上就充分研究了药品生产的公用系统的检查,这次会议在捷克斯洛伐克共和国首都布拉格举行。
3.1 The purpose of this document is to proide guidance for GMP inspectors to use
for training purposes and in preparation for inspections.
3.2 The Aide-Memoire is the direct result of the 2001 PIC/S Seminar and was
drafted with the aim of facilitating the effectie planning and conduct of GMP
inspections of utilities. The Aide-Memoire should enable the inspector to make
both an optimal use of the inspection time and an optimal ealuation of GMP
compliance.
希望大家继续努力。
3.1 The purpose of this document is to proide guidance for GMP inspectors to use
for training purposes and in preparation for inspections.
3.2 The Aide-Memoire is the direct result of the 2001 PIC/S Seminar and was
drafted with the aim of facilitating the effectie planning and conduct of GMP
inspections of utilities. The Aide-Memoire should enable the inspector to make
both an optimal use of the inspection time and an optimal ealuation of GMP
compliance.
3.目的
3.1这个文件的目的是给GMP检查人员用于培训和检查准备工作提供指导。
3.2这个备忘录是2001年PIC/S研讨会的直接结果,并为方便有效的计划及指导GMP检查人员使用而起草。这个备忘录应使检查人员在检查时能最好的利用和对GMP依从性的最佳评估。
GMP文件常见缩写
ABPI Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
ADR Aderse Drug Reaction
AE Aderse Eent
AIM Actie Ingredient Manufacturer
ANDA Abbreiated New Drug Application
ANOA Analysis of ariance
ASM: Actie Substance Manufacturer
ATC Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical
ATX Animal Test Exemption Certificate
BAN British Approed Name
BIRA British Institute of Regulatory Affairs
BNF British National Formulary
BP British Pharmacopoeia
C of A Certificate of Analysis
C of S Certificate of Suitability
CENTRE FOR DRUG EALUATION (CDE)
Centre for Pharmaceutical Administration (CPA)
CMS Concerned Member State
CMS每个成员国
COS Certificate of Suitability
CPMP Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products
CRA Clinical Research Associate
CRF Case Report Form
CRO Contract Research Organisation
CTA Clinical Trial Application
CTC Clinical Trial Certificate
CTD Common Technical Document
CTX Clinical Trials Exemption
DDD Defined Daily Dose
DGC Daily Global Comparison
DIA Drug Information Association
DMF Drug Master File
Drug Registration Branch (DR, Product Ealuation & Registration Diision, CPA
EDQM (European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines) 欧洲联盟药品质量指导委员会
EEA 欧洲经济地区
EGMA European Generics Medicine Association
ELA Established Licence Application
EMEA European Medicines Ealuation Agency
EMEA (European Agency for the Ealuation of Medicinal Products) 欧洲联盟药品评价机构
EP European Pharmacopoeia
EPAR European Public Assessment Reports
ESRA European Society of Regulatory Affairs
European Pharmacopoeia Commission 欧洲药典委员会
FDA
FDA Food and Drug Administration
final ealuation report (FER)
free sale certificates (FSCs)
GCP Good Clinical Practice
GCP药品临床研究管理规范
GLP Good Laboratory Practice
GLP 药品临床前安全性研究质量管理规范
GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
GMP 药品生产质量管理规范
GSP药品销售管理规范
Health Sciences Authority (HSA)
HSA’s Medicines Adisory Committee (MAC)
IB Inestigators Brochure
ICH International Conference for Harmonisation
IDMC Independent Data-Monitoring Committee
IEC Independent Ethics Committee
IND Inestigational New Drug
INN International Non-proprietary Name
International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH)
IPC In Process Control
IRB Institutional Reiew Board
LICENCE HOLDER
MA Marketing Authorisation
MAA Marketing Authorisation Application
MAA上市申请
MAH Marketing Authorisation Holder
MAH 销售许可持有者
MCA Medicines Control Agency
MHW Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan)
MR Mutual Recognition
MRA 美国与欧盟的互认协议
MRAs (Mutual Recognition Agreements) 互相認證同意
MRFG Mutual Recognition Facilitation Group
MRP Mutual Recognition Procedure
NAS New Actie Substance
NCE New Chemical Entity
NDA New Drug Application
new chemical entities (NCEs)
new drug applications (NDAs)
NSAID Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug
NTA Notice To Applicants
OOS Out of Specification
OTC Oer The Counter
PAGB Proprietary Association of Great Britain
Ph Eur European Pharmacopoeia
PIL Patient Information Leaflet
PL Product Licence
POM Prescription Only Medicine
PRODUCT OWNER
PSU Periodic Safety Updates
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
RAJ Regulatory Affairs Journal
RMS Reference Member State
RMS相互认可另一成员国
RSD Relatie Standard Deiation
Rx Prescription Only
SAE Serious Aderse Eent
SMF Site Master File
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SOP (STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURE) 标准运作程序
SPC/SmPC Summary of Product Characteristics
summary of product characteristics(SPC)
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
USP US Pharmacopoeia
MF eterinary Master File
PC eterinary Products Committee
A.A.A Addition and Amendments 增补和修订
AC Air Conditioner 空调器
ADR Aderse Drug Reaction 药物不良反应
AFDO Association of Food and Drug Officials 食品与药品官员协会(美国)
ACC Accept 接受
AQL Acceptable Quality Leel 合格质量标准
ADNA Abbreiated New Drug Application 简化的新药申请
BOM Bill of Material 物料清单
BPC Bulk pharmaceutical Chemiclls 原料药
CBER Center for Biologics Ealuation Research 生物制品评价与研究中心
CFU Colony Forming Unet 菌落形成单位
DMF Drug Master File 药品管理档案
CDER Cemter for Drug Ealuation amd Research 药物评价与研究中心
CI Corporate Identity (Image) 企业识别(形象)
CIP Cleaning in Place 在线清洗
CSI Consumer Safety Insepctor 消费者安全调查员
CLP Cleaning Line Procedure 在线清洗程序
DAL Defect Action Leel 缺陷作用水平
DEA Drug Enforcement Adminestration 管制药品管理
DS Documentation Systim 文件系统
FDA Food and Drug Administration 食品与药品管理局(美国)
GATT General Agreemernt on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协会
GMP Good Manufacturing Practice Gp 药品生质量管理规范
GCP Good Clinical Practice 药品临床实验管理规范
GLP Good Laboratory Practice 实验室管理规范
GSP Good Supply Practice 药品商业质量规范
GRP Gook RaTAIL Practice 药品零业质量管理规范
GAP Good Agriculture Practice 药材生产管理规范
GP Gook alidation Prctice 验证管理规范
GUP Gook Use Practice 药品重用规范
HAC Heating entilation Air Conditioning 空调净化系统
ISO Intematonal Organization for Standardization 车际标准化组织
MOU Memorandum of Understanding 谅解备忘录
PF Porduction File 生产记录用表格
OTC Oer the Counter (Drug) 非处方药品
PLA Product License Application 产品许可申请
QA Quality Assurance 质量保证
QC Quality Control 质量控制
QMP Quality Management Procedure 质量管理程序
SDA State Drug Administration 国家药品监督管理局
SMP Standard Managmert Procedure 标准管理程序
SOP Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作程序
TQC Tatal Quality Control 全面质量管理
USA Uneted States Pharmacopeia 美国药典
消化(digestion)和吸收(absorption)、慢波电位(slow wae potential)或基本电节律(basic electricalrhythm)、胃肠激素(gastrointestinal hormone)、脑-肠肽(brain-gut peptide)、蠕动(peristalsis)、粘液-碳酸氢盐屏障(mucus-bicarbonate barrier)、肠胃反射(entero-gastric reflex)、容受性舒张(receptie relaxation)、胃排空(gastric emptying)、胆盐的肠肝循环(enterohepatic circulation of bile salts)、分节运动(segmentation contraction)、集团蠕动(mass peristalsis)。能量代谢(energy metabolism)、食物的热价(themal equialent of food)、食物的氧热价(thermal equialent of oxygen)、呼吸商(respiratory quotient)、基础代谢(basal metabolism)、基础代谢率(basal metabolism rate, BMR)、体温(body temperature)、战栗产热(shiering thermogenisis)、非战栗产热
(non-shiering thermogenesis)、辐射散热(thermal radiation) 、传导散热(thermal conduction)、对流散热(them1a1 conection)、蒸发散热(eaporation)、不感蒸发(insensible perspiration)、发汗(sweating)或可感蒸发(sendbie eaporation)、热敏神经元(warm-sensitie neuron)、冷敏神经元(cold-sensitie neuron)。肾单位( nephron)、肾小球滤过率 (glomerular filtration rate, GFR)、滤过分数(fildtrationfraction)、有效滤过压(effectie filtration pressure)水利尿(water diuresis)、渗透性利尿(osmotic diuresis)、重吸收( reabsoption)、管-球反馈(tubuloglomerular feedback)、滤过平衡(filtration equilibrium)、清除率(clearance)、球-管平衡( glomerulotubular balance)、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)。感受器(receptor)、感觉器官、适宜刺激(adequate stimulus)、换能作用、感受器电位(receptor potential)、发生器电位(generator potential)、编码作用(coding)、适应现象(adaptation)、简化眼(reduced eye)、视敏度(isual acuity)、眼的调节(isual accommodation)、正视眼、近点(near point of ision)、近视(myopia)、远视(hyperopia)、散光(astimatism)、老视、瞳孔对光反射、互感性对光反射、夜盲症
(nyctalopia)、暗适应(dark adaptation)、明适应(light adaptation)、视野(isual field)、听阈(hearing threshold)、最大可听阈、听域、气导(air conduction)、骨导(bone conduction)、耳蜗微音器电位(microphonic potential)、前庭反应、眼震颤(nystagmus)。神经元(neuron)、神经冲动(nere impulse)、轴浆运输(axoplasmic transport)、突触后电位(postsynaptic potential)、兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)、抑制性突触后电位(IPSP)、突触后抑制(postsynaptic inhibition)、突触前抑制(presynaptic inhibition)、突触前易化(presynaptic facilitation)、突触延搁(synaptic delay)、电突触传递(electric synaptic transmission)、神经递质(neurotransmitter)、胆碱能纤维(cholinergic fiber)、肾上腺素能纤维(adrenergic fiber)、特异性投射系统(specific projection system)、非特异性投射系统(non- specific projection system)、皮层诱发电位(eoked cortical potential)、牵涉痛(referred pain)、肌紧张(muscle tonus)、腱反射(tendon reflex)、脊休克(spinal shock)、牵张反射(stretch reflex)、去大脑僵直(decerebrate rigidity)、条件反射(conditioned reflex)、非条件反射(unconditioned reflex)、第一信号系统(firstsignal system)、第二信号系统(second signal system)、脑电图electroencephalograme,EEG)、α波阻断(α-block)、慢波睡眠(slow wae sleep)激素(hormone )、远距分泌(telecrine)、旁分泌(paracrine)、自分泌(autocrine)、神经激素(neurohormone)、 神经分泌(neurocrine)、 允许作用(permissie action)、亲和力(affinity)、上调
(up regulation)、 下调(down regulation)、下丘脑调节肽(hypothalamic regulatory peptide)、侏儒症(dwarfism)、肢端肥大症(acromegaly)、呆小症(cretinism)、应激(stress)。
(facilitated diffusion),离子通道(ion channel),化学门控通道(chemically-gated channel),电压门控通道(oltage-gated channel),机械性门控通道(mechanically-gated channel),主动转运(actie transport),钠-钾泵(sodium-potassium pump),继发性主动转运(secondary actie transport),出胞(exocytosis),入胞(endocytosis),跨膜信号转导(transmembrane signal transduction),促离子型受体(ionotropic receptor),促代谢性受体(metabotropic receptor), 兴奋性excitability)、兴奋(excitation)、静息电位(resting potential)、极化(polarization)、超极化(hyperpolarization)、去极化或除极化(depolarization)、复极化(repolarization)、动作电位(action potential)、绝对不应期(absolute refractory period)、相对不应期(relatie refractory period)、阈电位(threshold membrane potential)、阈强度(threshold intensity)、局部兴奋(local excitation)、量子式释放(quantal release)、终板电位(endplate potential)、肌原纤维(myofifbril)、肌小节(sarcomere)、肌管系统(sarcotubular system)、兴奋-收缩藕联(excitation-contraction coupling)血细胞比容(hematocrit)、晶体渗透压(crystal osmotic pressure)、胶体渗透压(colloid osmotic pressure)、等张溶液(isotonic solution)、红细胞的悬浮稳定性(suspension stability) 、 红细胞沉降率 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR) 、红细胞叠连(rouleaux formation) 心动周期(cardiac cycle)、每搏输出量(stroke olume)、舒张末期容量(end-diastolic olume) 、收缩末期容量(end-systolic olume)、射血分数( ejection fraction)、心输出量(cardiac output)、心指数(cardiac index )、心肌收缩能力(cardiac contractility)、心力储备 (cardiac resere)、兴奋性(excitability)、自律性(autorhythmicity)、传导性(conductiity)、收缩性(contractiity)、绝对不应期(absolute refractory period)、有效不应期(effectie refractory period)、相对不应期( relatie refractory period)、血压(blood pressure)、 收缩压(systolic pressure, SP)、舒张压(diastolic pressure,DP ) 、脉压(pulse pressure)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、动脉脉搏(arterial pulse)、中心静脉压(central enous pressure, CP)、压力感受性反射(baroreceptor reflex)呼吸(respiration)、腹式呼吸(abdominal breathing)、胸式呼吸(thoracic breathing)、肺内压(intrapulmonary pressure)、胸膜腔内压(intrapleural pressure)、跨肺压(transpulmonary pressure)、
气胸(pneumothorax)、顺应性(compliance)、表面张力(surface tension)、表面活性物质(surface actie substance, surfactant)、潮气量(tidal olume)、余气量(residual olume)、功能余气量(functional residualcapacity)、肺活量(ital capacity)、时间肺活量(timed ital capacity)、每分通气量(minute entilation olume)、肺泡通气量( aleolar entilation olume)、无效腔(dead space)、呼吸膜(respiratory membrane)、肺扩散容量(pulmonary diffusion capacity)、通气/血流比值(entilation/perfusion ratio)、血氧饱和度(oxygen
saturation)、氧解离曲线(oxygen dissociation cure)、呼吸神经元(respiratory neuron)、肺牵张反射或Hering-Breuer反射(pulmonary stretch reflex or Hering-Breuer reflex)、中枢化学感受器(central chemoreceptor)、外周化学感受器(peripheral chemoreceptor)。
CLINICAL TRIAL:临床试验
ANIMAL TRIAL:动物试验
ACCELERATED APPROAL:加速批准
STANDARD DRUG:标准药物
INESTIGATOR:研究人员;调研人员
PREPARING AND SUBMITTING:起草和申报
SUBMISSION:申报;递交
BENIFIT(S):受益
RISK(S):受害
DRUG PRODUCT:药物产品
DRUG SUBSTANCE:原料药
ESTABLISHED NAME:确定的名称
GENERIC NAME:非专利名称
PROPRIETARY NAME:专有名称;
INN(INTERNATIONAL NONPROPRIETARY NAME):国际非专有名称
ADERSE EFFECT:副作用
ADERSE REACTION:不良反应
PROTOCOL:方案
ARCHIAL COPY:存档用副本
REIEW COPY:审查用副本
OFFICIAL COMPENDIUM:法定药典(主要指USP、 NF).
USP(THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA):美国药典
NF(NATIONAL FORMULARY):(美国)国家处方集
OFFICIAL=PHARMACOPEIAL= COMPENDIAL:药典的;法定的;官方的
AGENCY:审理部门(指FDA)
IDENTITY:真伪;鉴别;特性
STRENGTH:规格;规格含量(每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量)
LABELED AMOUNT:标示量
REGULATORY SPECIFICATION:质量管理规格标准(NDA提供)
REGULATORY METHODOLOGY:质量管理方法
REGULATORY METHODS ALIDATION:管理用分析方法的验证
COS/CEP 欧洲药典符合性认证
ICH(International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use)人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议
ICH文件分为质量、安全性、有效性和综合学科4类。
质量技术要求文件以Q开头,再以a,b,c,d代表小项:
Q1:药品的稳定性
Q2:方法学
Q3:杂质
Q4:药典
Q5:生物技术产品质量
Q6:标准规格
Q7:GMP
Q7a:(原料药的优良制造规范指南)药物活性成分的GMP.
科技汉语常用动词的英译法:
1. 表明, 表示, 说明, 证明
表明: show, indicate, denote, signify
Calculations indicate that...
Preliminary results indicate that...
Recent study has indicated that...
The aailable data indicate that
Experience has shown that...
Present results show that...
Preiouse work has shown that...
This inestigation shows that...
表示: show, indicate, express, demonstrate, illustrate, represent
Fig. 2 demonstrates/shows/indicates/illustrates that...
In the diagram, plump lines represent the obsered results.
说明: show, explain, illustrate, interpret
explain how a machine works
to be illustrated by examples
The result shows clearly that this procedure is correct.
To interpret electrical phenomena we must examine the structure of matter.
证明: show, proe
as analyses show that... 分析证明
as fact showed that...
It goes to proe that...
It has been proed that... 一切证明
There has been eidence that... 已经证明
Countless facts hae proed this point 无数事实证明了这一点
证实: confirm, erify, support
remain to be confirmed 有待证实
erify a scientific hypothesis
It supports the fact that
Equation(1-7) can be easily erified by differentiating equation (1-6)
获得: "获得" 的宾语多是抽象的事物
win liberation
win the first prize
win acclaim/earn faourable comment 获得好评
achiee great success
acquire knowledge
In order to obtain a higher temperature it is necessary to raise the pressure.
得到: "得到" 的宾语多是具体的东西
get, obtain, gain
get timely medical treatment
By studying the sketch, we can get an idea of the operation of a simple laser. 研究一下简图, 我们就能对简单激光器的操作得到一个概念。
得出结论: reach/draw/form/make a conclusion
come to a conclusion
arrie at a conclusion
conclude
What conclusion did you draw from the inestigation.
They concluded after inestigation that this region was not poor in oil.
构成: form, constitute, compose, make up
组成: form, make up, compose, constitute
包括: include, comprise, consist of, incorporate
应注意以下几点:
①如果主语是构成的整体 compose 要用被动语态, 如果主语是构成整体的部分 compose 要用主动语态:
误: The sea mainly composes water and salt.
正:The sea is mainly composed of water and salt.
②Hydrogen and oxygen make water.
③Eery fie persons constitute a group.
④The presidium consists of 148 delegates. **团由 148 人组成。
⑤consist of 表示"由......组成", consist 是不及物动词, 虽然在汉语看来像被动语态, 但在英语却是主动语态。由于此词是不及物动词不能用被动语态。
⑥comprise 是一个双面动词, 其主语既可以是构成的整体, 也可以是构成的部分。此词不用被动语态。
Our course of study comprises fie subjects.
or
Fie subjects comprise our course of study.
4. 利用, 使用, 应用
利用: use, make use of, employ, exploit, utilize
New technology must be deeloped to exploit the new resources.
Make full use of the latest achieement in science and technology.
使用: use, make use of, employ
The new machine has come into use. "come into use" 行为的主体是物
The new machine has been put into use/operation. "put into use" 行为的主体是人
应用: apply (+ to)
applied science 应用科学
apply theory to practice
--------------------------------------
欢迎到您到《药学园地》看看
特色栏目:药物分析、药物研发、药物制剂、药物化学、专业英语
http://www.r0209.com
检查: examine
check up, look oer
Steam lines should be checked for corrosion.
Look oer your excercises before handing them in.
检验: test, inspect, judge
Strictly examine the quility of the products.
To interpret electrical phenomena we must examine the structure of matter.
试验:
试: try
验: test
He tried his new method on oxygen 他用氧试验他的新方法。
A pulsed laser system has been tested on a satellite.
6. 查, 查对, 查明, 查阅
查: 查字典: look up, read up, consult, find out
误: look up a dictionary
正: look up a word in a dictionary
正: consult a dictionary
查资料: read up the literature
Find out the cause of the accident!
查对: check, erify
check the data
erified/examined and found correct
查明: proe, find out
find out the truth
It has been established that.../inestigation reeals that
find out how something started and deeloped 查明某事的来龙去脉
查阅: consult technical data/look up technical literature
He looked through a number of journals.
--------------------------------------
欢迎到您到《药学园地》看看
特色栏目:药物分析、药物研发、药物制剂、药物化学、专业英语
http://www.r0209.com
--------------------------------------
完成: complete, be ready, accomplish, fulfil, finish
complete one's mission
accomplish a task
fulfil the state plan
完结: end, be oer, finish
This is not the end of the matter.
完工: complete a project, finish doing sth., get through
It took only one month to complete the bridge.
finish a piece of writing/ complete the manuscript
8. 讨论, 商量, 商榷, 探讨
讨论: discuss sth., (talk sth. oer with sb.)
Electricity production is discussed later in detail.
商量: consult sb.. talk sth. oer with sb.
Consult the masses when matters arise. 有事与群众商量
We ought to talk it oer with Mr.Smith.
商榷: dicuss, deliberate with sb. oer sth.
This point is open to question 这一点值得商榷。
Here are a few points I wish to discuss with you.
探讨: look/enquire/probe/ go into, approach
approach a subject from different angles
--------------------------------------
欢迎到您到《药学园地》看看
特色栏目:药物分析、药物研发、药物制剂、药物化学、专业英语
http://www.r0209.com
--------------------------------------
I hae reiewed your first post carefully,you impressed me so much that I want to communicate with you if possible.This is my qq no 447320903,and welcome eeryone that loes English to contact me by this way.
ladies and gentlemen,I am ery glad to be one of you,last year,I became a researcher fortunately.The job gae me a huge opportunity,I hae learned a lot for only few months,I know this forum by the recommendation of my colleagues,they told me that DXY forum is the best one about pharmaceutical.It is!
yuan564 called on us to study English,I really support you,and I will stand by you to make our forum blossum better.
I am bashful to hae written the aboe,welcome any comments and suggestions
5.3 negatie controls: Refers to the sterility test controls that may be used to identify a "false positie" test result. Growth in the media sterility test, or enironmental monitoring, or negatie product controls may contribute to the erification of a "false positie" test finding and an inalid test result.
后天给出答案
5.2 促进生长试验:也可以称为繁殖或营养特性测试。该试验是在培养基上进行,以证明无菌检测期间,该培养基能够促进微生物的生长。
5.3阴性对照:参照无菌检测对照,该对照可以用于鉴别“假阳性”检测结果。无菌培养基的生长,环境监测或阴性产品对照都可能帮助辨别“假阴性”检测结果和无效的检测结果。
个人水平,仅供参考。
Before enumerating the different process simulation test procedures some preliminary explanations are necessary for the preparation of liquid media as it is used for the majority of the process simulation tests. Where a liquid nutrient medium is used it should be prepared in a similar manner to the product. The medium should be dissoled in Water for Injection in a standard manufacturing essel. If heat is required to dissole it then only minimal heat should be used. The pH of the medium should be measured and, if necessary, adjusted to bring it into the required range. The medium should be aseptically filtered into an aseptic holding essel using the normal production filter and processing procedure. In justified cases it may be also acceptable to sterilise the media. All aseptic holding essels should be coered by a process simulation test on a regular basis unless a alidated, pressure hold or acuum hold test is routinely performed.
在列举不同的模拟工艺测试程序时,有必要预先解释一下液体培养基的制备,因为它用于大多数的模拟工艺测试中。在使用液体营养培养基时,其制备应当类似于产品的制备。它在标准生产容器中溶于注射用水。如果溶解需要加热,也只能是最小限度的加热。还应当测定培养基的PH值,如果有必要,要调节PH值到需要的范围。用正常生产时用到的过滤器和加工程序将培养基无菌过滤到无菌贮罐中。在合理的条件下,也可以将培养基灭菌。所有的无菌贮罐都应当定期模拟,除非进行了验证过的压力或真空日常检测。
玻璃漏斗 Glass funnel long stem
试管 test tube test tube brush test tube holder test tube rack
蒸发皿 eaporating dish small
烧杯 beaker
锥形瓶 Erlenmeyer
量筒 grad cylinder
洗瓶 plastic wash bottle
勺皿 casserole ,small
stoppered flask
分液漏斗 separalory funnel
water bath/oil bath
strring bar
magnetic stirrer
冷凝器 condenser
Ballast bottle
圆颈烧瓶 Round-buttom flask
试剂瓶 reagent bottles
托盘天平 platform balance 台秤
0.1g 托盘pan 指针刻度表pointer and scale
crossbeams and sliding weights 游码
分析天平 two-pan/single-pan analytical balance
滴定管 burette glass bead(basic) nozzle
移液管 pipette 胖肚 elongated glass bulb
洗耳球 rubber suction bulb
玻棒 glass rod
玻璃活塞 stopcock
容量瓶 pyknowmeter flasks
比重瓶 (one-mark)olumetric flasks
胖肚吸管 one-mark pipette
刻度吸管 graduated pipettes
实验仪器清单
1、 柜子中 四、抽屉中:
锥形瓶(conical flask) 250ml×4 药匙(medicine spoon)×1
(Erlenmeyer flask) 100 ml×3 滴管(drip tube;dropper)×2
烧杯(beaker) 500 ml×1 玻棒(Glass stic)×2
250 ml×3 木试管夹(test tube clamp;test tube holder)×1
100 ml×3 胖肚吸管(straws) 25 ml×1
50 ml×2 10 ml×1
容量瓶(olumetric flask) 100 ml×2 乳钵(morta)×1
50 ml×4 洗耳球(ear wadhing bulb)
碘量瓶 (iodin numoe flask;iodineflask) 500 ml×3
试剂瓶 (reagent bottle) (无色)×2
(棕色)×2 配洗液:
量筒(cylinder) 100 ml×1 K2Cr2O72g+5ml水→65mlH2SO4
(graduated cylinder)10ml×1 边加边搅拌(stir)。
二、台面上仪器: 一般仪器的洗涤(wash)
铁支架(siderocradle)+蝴蝶架
白瓷板(White Porcelain Board ) (一)清点仪器(to count;to make an inentory)
酸式滴定管(Acid burette) 25 ml×1 配洗液 (Lotion)
碱式滴定管(Alkali burette)25 ml×1 一般仪器的洗涤
三、公用柜中: (二)滴定管(buret;burette)
直型冷凝器(rectocondensor)×1 容量瓶(olumetric flask)
漏斗架 (funnel stand) ×2 移液管(pipe)
水浴锅(water bath kettle) ×1
温度计(Thermometer;hygrometer;hydroscope) ×1
电炉(electric furnace;electric hot plate;electric stoe) 四人一个
分析化学:analytical chemistry
定性分析:qualitatie analysis
定量分析:quantitatie analysis
物理分析:physical analysis
物理化学分析:physico-chemical analysis
仪器分析法:instrumental analysis
流动注射分析法:flow injection analysis;FIA
顺序注射分析法:sequentical injection analysis;SIA
化学计量学:chemometrics
绝对误差:absolute error
相对误差:relatie error
系统误差:systematic error
可定误差:determinate error
随机误差:accidental error
不可定误差:indeterminate error
准确度:accuracy
精确度:precision
偏差:debiation,d
平均偏差:aerage debiation
相对平均偏差:relatie aerage debiation
标准偏差(标准差):standerd deiation;S
相对平均偏差:relatibe standard deiation;RSD
变异系数:coefficient of ariation
误差传递:propagation of error
有效数字:significant figure
置信水平:confidence leel
显著性水平:leel of significance
合并标准偏差(组合标准差):pooled standard debiation
舍弃商:rejection quotient ;Q
滴定分析法:titrametric analysis
滴定:titration
容量分析法:olumetric analysis
化学计量点:stoichiometric point
等当点:equialent point
电荷平衡:charge balance
电荷平衡式:charge balance equation
质量平衡:mass balance
物料平衡:material balance
质量平衡式:mass balance equation
酸碱滴定法:acid-base titrations
质子自递反应:autoprotolysis reaction
质子自递常数:autoprotolysis constant
质子条件式:proton balance equation
酸碱指示剂:acid-base indicator
指示剂常数:indicator constant
变色范围:colour change interal
混合指示剂:mixed indicator
双指示剂滴定法:double indicator titration
非水滴定法:nonaqueous titrations
质子溶剂:protonic solent
酸性溶剂:acid solent
碱性溶剂:basic solent
两性溶剂:amphototeric solent
无质子溶剂:aprotic solent
均化效应:differentiating effect
区分性溶剂:differentiating solent
离子化:ionization
离解:dissociation
结晶紫:crystal iolet
萘酚苯甲醇: α-naphthalphenol benzyl alcohol
奎哪啶红:quinadinered
百里酚蓝:thymol blue
偶氮紫:azo iolet
溴酚蓝:bromophenol blue
配位滴定法:compleximetry
乙二胺四乙酸:ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA
螯合物:chelate compound
金属指示剂:metal lochrome indcator
碘量法:iodimetry
溴量法:bromimetry ]
溴量法:bromine method
铈量法:cerimetry
高锰酸钾法:potassium permanganate method
条件电位:conditional potential
溴酸钾法:potassium bromate method
硫酸铈法:cerium sulphate method
偏高碘酸:metaperiodic acid
高碘酸盐:periodate
亚硝酸钠法:sodium nitrite method
重氮化反应:diazotization reaction
重氮化滴定法:diazotization titration
亚硝基化反应:nitrozation reaction
亚硝基化滴定法:nitrozation titration
外指示剂:external indicator
外指示剂:outside indicator
重铬酸钾法:potassium dichromate method
沉淀滴定法:precipitation titration
容量滴定法:olumetric precipitation method
银量法:argentometric method
重量分析法:graimetric analysis
挥发法:olatilization method
引湿水(湿存水):water of hydroscopicity
包埋(藏)水:occluded water
吸入水:water of imbibition
结晶水:water of crystallization
组成水:water of composition
液-液萃取法:liquid-liquid extration
溶剂萃取法:solent extration
反萃取:counter extraction
分配系数:partition coefficient
分配比:distribution ratio
离子对(离子缔合物):ion pair
沉淀形式:precipitation forms
称量形式:weighing forms
物理分析:physical analysis
物理化学分析:physicochemical analysis
仪器分析:instrumental analysis
电化学分析:electrochemical analysis
电解法:electrolytic analysis method
电重量法:electtograimetry
库仑法:coulometry
库仑滴定法:coulometric titration
电导法:conductometry
电导分析法:conductometric analysis
电导滴定法:conductometric titration
电位法:potentiometry
直接电位法:dirext potentiometry
电位滴定法:potentiometric titration
伏安法:oltammetry
极谱法:polarography
溶出法:stripping method
电流滴定法:amperometric titration
化学双电层:chemical double layer
相界电位:phase boundary potential
金属电极电位:electrode potential
化学电池:chemical cell
液接界面:liquid junction boundary
原电池:galanic cell
电解池:electrolytic cell
负极:cathrode
正极:anode
电池电动势:eletromotie force
指示电极:indicator electrode
参比电极:reference electroade
标准氢电极:standard hydrogen electrode
一级参比电极:primary reference electrode
饱和甘汞电极:standard calomel electrode
银-氯化银电极:siler siler-chloride electrode
液接界面:liquid junction boundary
不对称电位:asymmetry potential
表观PH值:apparent PH
离子选择电极:ion selectie electrode
敏感器:sensor
晶体电极:crystalline electrodes
均相膜电极:homogeneous membrance electrodes
非均相膜电极:heterog eneous membrance electrodes
非晶体电极:non- crystalline electrodes
刚性基质电极:rigid matrix electrode
流流体载动电极:electrode with a mobile carrier
气敏电极:gas sensing electrodes
酶电极:enzyme electrodes
金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管:MOSFET
离子选择场效应管:ISFET
总离子强度调节缓冲剂:total ion strength adjustment buffer,TISAB
永停滴定法:dead-stop titration
双电流滴定法(双安培滴定法):double amperometric titration
普朗克常数:Plank constant
电磁波谱:electromagnetic spectrum
光谱:spectrum
光谱分析法:spectroscopic analysis
原子发射光谱法:atomic emission spectroscopy
质量谱:mass spectrum
质谱法:mass spectroscopy,MS
紫外-可见分光光度法:ultraiolet and isible spectrophotometry;U-is
肩峰:shoulder peak
末端吸收:end absorbtion
生色团:chromophore
助色团:auxochrome
红移:red shift
长移:bathochromic shift
短移:hypsochromic shift
蓝(紫)移:blue shift
增色效应(浓色效应):hyperchromic effect
减色效应(淡色效应):hypochromic effect
强带:strong band
弱带:weak band
吸收带:absorption band
透光率:transmitance,T
吸光度:absorbance
谱带宽度:band width
杂散光:stray light
噪声:noise
暗噪声:dark noise
散粒噪声:signal shot noise
闪耀光栅:blazed grating
全息光栅:holographic graaing
光二极管阵列检测器:photodiode array detector
偏最小二乘法:partial least squares method ,PLS
褶合光谱法:conolution spectrometry
褶合变换:conolution transform,CT
离散小波变换:waelet transform,WT
多尺度细化分析:multiscale analysis
供电子取代基:electron donating group
吸电子取代基:electron with-drawing group
荧光:fluorescence
荧光分析法:fluorometry
X-射线荧光分析法:X-ray fulorometry
原子荧光分析法:atomic fluorometry
分子荧光分析法:molecular fluorometry
振动弛豫:ibrational relexation
内转换:internal conersion
外转换:external conersion
体系间跨越:intersystem crossing
激发光谱:excitation spectrum
荧光光谱:fluorescence spectrum
斯托克斯位移:Stokes shift
荧光寿命:fluorescence life time
荧光效率:fluorescence efficiency
荧光量子产率:fluorescence quantum yield
荧光熄灭法:fluorescence quemching method
散射光:scattering light
瑞利光:Reyleith scanttering light
拉曼光:Raman scattering light
红外线:infrared ray,IR
中红外吸收光谱:mid-infrared absorption spectrum,Mid-IR
远红外光谱:Far-IR
微波谱:microwae spectrum,M
红外吸收光谱法:infrared spectroscopy
红外分光光度法:infrared spectrophotometry
振动形式:mode of ibration
伸缩振动:stretching ibration
对称伸缩振动:symmetrical stretching ibration
不对称伸缩振动:asymmetrical stretching ibration
弯曲振动:bending ibration
变形振动:formation ibration
面内弯曲振动:in-plane bending ibration,β
剪式振动:scissoring ibration,δ
面内摇摆振动:rocking ibration,ρ
核磁共振波谱:NMR spectrum
核磁共振波谱法:NMR spectroscopy
扫场:swept field
扫频:seept frequency
连续波核磁共振:continuous wae NMR,CW NMR
Fourier变换NMR:PFT-NMR,FT-NMR
二维核磁共振谱:2D-NMR
质子核磁共振谱:proton magnetic resonance spectrum,PMR
氢谱:1H-NMR
碳-13核磁共振谱:13C-NMR spectrum,13CNMR
自旋角动量:spin angular momentum
磁旋比:magnetogyric ratio
磁量子数:magnetic quantum number,m
进动:precession
弛豫历程:relaxation mechanism
局部抗磁屏蔽:local diamagnetic shielding
屏蔽常数:shielding constant
化学位移:chemical shift
国际纯粹与应用化学协会:IUPAC
磁各向异性:magnetic anisotropy
远程屏蔽效应:long range shielding effect
结面:nodal plane
自旋-自旋偶合:spin-spin coupling
自旋-自旋分裂:spin=spin splitting
单峰:singlet,s
双峰:doublet,d
三重峰:triplet,t
四重峰:quartet
五重峰:quintet
六重峰:sextet
偕偶:geminal coupling
邻偶:icinal coupling
远程偶合:long range coupling
磁等价:magnetic eqialence
自旋系统:spin system
一级光谱:first order spectrum
二级光谱(二级图谱):second order spectrum
C-H光谱:C-H correlated spectroscopy,C-H COSY
质谱分析法:mass spectrometry
质谱:mass spectrum,MS
棒图:bar graph
选择离子检测:selected ion monitoring ,SIM
直接进样:direct probe inlet ,DPI
接口:interface
气相色谱-质谱联用:gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS
高效液相色谱-质谱联用:high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS
电子轰击离子源:electron impact source,EI
离子峰:quasi-molecular ions
化学离子源:chemical ionization source,CI
场电离:field ionization,FI
场解析:field desorptiion,FD
快速原子轰击离子源:fast stom bombardment ,FAB
质量分析器:mass analyzer
磁质谱仪:magnetic-sector mass spectrometer
四极杆质谱仪(四极质谱仪):quadrupole mass spectrometer
原子质量单位:amu
离子丰度:ion abundance
相对丰度(相对强度):relatie aundance
基峰:base peak
质量范围:mass range
分辨率:resolution
灵敏度:sensitiity
信噪比:S/N
分子离子:molecular ion
碎片离子:fragment ion
同位素离子:isotopic ion
亚稳离子:metastable ion
亚稳峰:metastable peak
母离子:paren ion
子离子:daughter
含奇数个电子的离子:odd electron
含偶数个电子的离子:een eletron,EE
均裂:homolytic cleaage
异裂(非均裂):heterolytic cleaage
半均裂:hemi-homolysis cleaage
重排:rearragement
分子量:MW
α-裂解:α-cleaage
固定相:stationary phase
化学键合相:chemically bonde phase
封尾、封顶、遮盖:end capping
手性固定相:chiral stationary phase,CSP
恒组成溶剂洗脱:isocraic elution
梯度洗脱:gradient elution
紫外检测器:ultraiolet detector,UD
荧光检测器:fluorophotomeric detector,FD
电化学检测器:ECD
示差折光检测器:RID
光电二极管检测器:photodiode array detector ,DAD
三维光谱-波谱图:3D-spectrochromatogram
蒸发光散射检测器:eaporatie light scattering detector,ELSD
中国药典(Chinese Pharmacopoeia,ChP)
美国药典(The United States Pharmacopoeia,USP)
美国国家处方集(The National Formulary,NF)
英国药典(British Pharmacopoeia,BP)
欧洲药典(European Pharmacopoeia,Ph.Eup)
国际药典(The International Pharmacopoeia,Ph.Int)
良好药品实验研究规范(Good Laboratory Practice,GLP)
良好药品生产规范(Good Manufacture Practice,GMP)
良好药品供应规范(Good Supply Practice,GSP)
良好药品临床试验规范(Good Clinical Practice,GCP)
分析质量管理(Analytical Quality Control,AQC)
斑点定位法 localization of spot
放射自显影法 autoradiography
原位定量 in situ quantitation
生物自显影法 bioautography
归一法 normalization method
内标法 internal standard method
外标法 external standard method
叠加法 addition method
普适校准(曲线、函数) calibration function or cure [function]
谱带扩展(加宽) band broadening
(分离作用的)校准函数或校准曲线 uniersal calibration function or cure [of separation]
加宽校正 broadening correction
加宽校正因子 broadening correction factor
溶剂强度参数 ε0,solent strength parameter
洗脱序列 eluotropic series
洗脱(淋洗) elution
等度洗脱 gradient elution
梯度洗脱 gradient elution
(再)循环洗脱 recycling elution
线性溶剂强度洗脱 linear solent strength gradient
程序溶剂 programmed solent
程序压力 programmed pressure
程序流速 programmed flow
展开 deelopment
上行展开 ascending deelopment
下行展开 descending deelopment
双向展开 two dimensional deelopment
环形展开 circular deelopment
离心展开 centrifugal deelopment
向心展开 centripetal deelopment
径向展开 radial deelopment
多次展开 multiple deelopment
分步展开 stepwise deelopment
连续展开 continuous deelopment
梯度展开 gradient deelopment
匀浆填充 slurry packing
停流进样 stop-flow injection
阀进样 ale injection
柱上富集 on-column enrichment
流出液 eluate
柱上检测 on-column detection
柱寿命 column life
柱流失 column bleeding
显谱 isualization
活化 actiation
反冲 back flushing
脱气 degassing
沟流 channeling
过载 oerloading
完
1. haplo,mono,uni :单,一,独 haploid 单倍体 monoxide一氧化碳 monoatomic单原子的
2. bi,di,dipl,twi,du :: 二,双,两,偶 biocolor 双色,dichromatic 双色的,diplobacillus 双杆菌 dikaryon 双核体
twin :孪生 dual 双重的
3. tri :三,丙 triangle三角 triacylglycerol三酰甘油 tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环
4. quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra:四 quadrilateral四边的 quadrialent四价的 quadruped四足动物tetrode四极管 tetracycline四环素
5. pent,penta,quique五 pentose戊糖pentagon五角形pentane戊烷quintuple 五倍的 pentose戊糖 pentomer五邻粒
6. hex,hexa,sex 六 hexose已糖 hexapod六足动物hexapoda昆虫纲 hexamer六聚体
7. hepta,sept 七 heptane 庚烷 heptose 庚糖 heptoglobin七珠蛋白
8. oct八 octpus 章鱼 octagon八角形 octane 辛烷 octase 辛糖
9. enne,nona九 nonapeptide 九肽 enneahedron 九面体
10. deca,deka 十 :decapod 十足目动物 decahedron 十面体 decagram 十克
11. hecto, 百 hectometer百米 hectoliter百升 hectowatt 百瓦
12. kilo,千 kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿 kilobase 千碱基 kiloelectron olt 千电子伏特
13. deci,十分之一,分 decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克
14. centi,百分之一
15. milli,千分之一,毫millimole 毫摩(尔)milliliter 毫升
16. micro,百万分之一,微,微小,微量microgram微克 microogranism微生物microecology微生态学micropipet微量移液器
17. nano十亿分之一,毫微,纳nanosecond十亿分之一秒nanometer纳米
18. demi,hemi,semi半 demibariel 半桶 hemicerebrum 大脑半球semiopaque半透明 semi-allel半等位基因 semi-conductor半导体
19. holo 全,整体,完全 holoenzyme 全酶holoprotein全蛋白 holocrine全(质分)泌
20. mega巨大,兆,百万 megaspore大孢子,megabasse兆碱基megakaryocyte巨核细胞megaolt兆伏 megalopolitan特大城市
21. macro 大,巨大,多macrophage巨噬细胞macrogamete大配子macroelement常量元素 macromolecular大分子
22. poly,multi,mult 多,复合polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯 polymerase 聚合酶 multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的 multicistronic mRNA多顺反子mRNA multicopy多拷贝
chromophore生色团 chromosome染色体 chromatography色谱法
2 melan,melano,nigr 黑
melanoma黑素瘤melanin黑色素melanophore黑色素细胞
3 xantho,flao,fla,flai,lute黄
xanthophyl叶黄素 xanthous黄色的,黄色人种xathine黄嘌呤 flain黄素flaone黄酮 letein黄体素,叶黄素flain adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸
4 erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf,红
erythrocyte红细胞erythromycin红霉素erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素
5 chloro,chlor绿,氯
chlorophyll叶绿素 chloride氯化物chloramphenicol氯霉素
6 cyan,cyano 蓝,青紫色,氰
cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲 cyanobacteria蓝细菌cyanide氰化物
7 aur,glid,chrys金色
aureomycin金霉素chrysose 金藻淀粉 chrysanthemum菊花 glidstone 金沙石 glid 镀金
8 leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb无色,白色
leucine亮氨酸 leukaemia=leucosis白血病bleaching powder漂白粉 albomycin白霉素
四表示方位和程度的词素
1 endo,ento,内,在内
endocrine内分泌endocytosis胞吞作用 endogamy近亲繁殖 endolysin内溶素 entoderm内胚层
2 ec, ect, exc, extra 外,外面,表面
ectoblast外胚层 ectoparasite 外寄生生物 extract 抽取,浸出
3 meso 中,中间
mesosphere 中圈,中层 mesoplast 中胚层质
4 intra,intro,inter 在内,向内
intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用 intracellular(细)胞内的interurban城市之间
5 centri,centro,medi,mid 中心,中央,中间
centrifuge离心 centriole 中心粒centrosome 中心体 centrogeng着丝基因
6 epi,peri 上,外,旁
epidermal growth factor(EGF): 表皮生长因子 epibranchial上鳃的perilune近月点
7 sub,suc,suf,sug 下,低,小
suborder 亚目 submucosa粘膜下层subclone亚克隆 subcellular亚细胞 subsection小节,分部
8 super,supra 上,高,超
superconductor超导体 superfluid 超流体 superoxide 超氧化物 supramolecular超分子的
9 hyper 超过,过多
hypersensitie 过敏的 hyperelastic 超弹性的hypertension 高血压 hyperploid 超倍体
10 hypo下,低,次
hypoglycaemia 低血糖 hypotension低血压hypophysis脑下垂体
11 iso 等,相同,同
iso-osmotic等渗的isopod等足目动物 isotope同位素
12 oligo,olig少,低,寡,狭
oligohaline 狭盐性 oligogene寡基因 oligomer寡聚体 oligophagous寡食性 oligarchy寡头***
13 eury 多,宽,广
eurythermal 广温的 euryhaline广盐性eurytopic species广幅种
14 ultr 超
ultra-acoustics 超声学ultra-structure超微结构ultroiolet紫外线
15 infra 下,低,远
infralittoral 潮下带,远岸的 infrahuman类人生物infrared红外线的 infrastructure基础结构,基本结构
五 表示动物不同器官和组织的词素
1 cephal,capit,cran 头,头颅
2 cyte 细胞
3 carn,my,mya,myo,肉,肌肉
4 haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血
5 soma,corp 体,身体
6 some,plast 体,颗粒
7 hepa,hepat 肝 heparin 肝素 hepatopancreas肝胰腺 hepatocyte 肝细胞 hepatoma肝癌
8 ren,nephr 肾adrnal肾上腺的 nephridia肾管 nephron肾单位
9 card,cord 心 cardiotoxin 心脏毒素 cardioascular center 心血管中枢 electrocardiogram心电图 concord一致,和谐
10 ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼 ophthalmology眼科学 ophthalmia眼炎 ophthalmologist眼科专家
11 branchi 鳃 filibranch丝鳃 lamellibrnch瓣鳃 sencondary branchium次生鳃
12 brac ,brachi 腕,手臂 brachiolaria 短腕幼虫brachionectin臂粘连蛋白 bracelet手镯
13 dent,odont 牙齿 dentin牙质 odontphora 齿舌 odontoblast成牙质细胞
14 plum羽 plumatus 羽状的 plumule绒毛 plumage (鸟的)羽毛
15 foli,foil 叶 follicle滤泡 foiling叶形 foliage 叶子 foliose 多叶的
ace- 乙(酰基)
acet- 醋;醋酸;乙酸
acetamido- 乙酰胺基
acetenyl- 乙炔基
acetoxy- 醋酸基;乙酰氧基
acetyl- 乙酰(基)
aetio- 初
allo- 别
allyl- 烯丙(基);CH2=CH-CH2-
amido- 酰胺(基)
amino- 氨基
amyl- ①淀粉②戊(基)
amylo- 淀粉
andr- 雄
andro- 雄
anilino- 苯胺基
anisoyl- 茴香酰;甲氧苯酰
anti- 抗
apo- 阿朴;去水
aryl- 芳(香)基
aspartyl- 门冬氨酰
auri- 金(基);(三价)金基
aza- 氮(杂)
azido- 叠氮
azo- 偶氮
basi- 碱
baso- 碱
benxoyl- 苯酰;苯甲酰
benzyl- 苄(基);苯甲酰
bi- 二;双;重
biphenyl- 联苯基
biphenylyl- 联苯基
bis- 双;二
bor- 硼
boro- 硼
bromo- 溴
butenyl- 丁烯基(有1、2、3位三种)
butoxyl- 丁氧基
butyl- 丁基
butyryl- 丁酰
caprinoyl- 癸酰
caproyl- 己酰
calc- 钙
calci- 钙
calco- 钙
capryl- 癸酰
capryloyl- 辛酰
caprylyl- 辛酰
cef- 头孢(头孢菌素族抗生素词首)
chlor- ①氯②绿
chloro- ①氯②绿
ciclo- 环
cis- 顺
clo- 氯
crypto- 隐
cycl- 环
cyclo- 环
de- 去;脱
dec- 十;癸
deca- 十;癸
dehydro- 去氢;去水
demethoxy- 去甲氧(基)
demethyl- 去甲(基)
deoxy- 去氧
des- 去;脱
desmethyl- 去甲(基)
desoxy- 去氧
dex- 右旋
dextro- 右旋
di- 二
diamino- 二氨基
diazo- 重氮
dihydro- 二氢;双氢
endo- 桥
epi- 表;差向
epoxy- 环氧
erythro- 红;赤
estr- 雌
ethinyl- 乙炔(基)
ethoxyl- 乙氧(基)
ethyl- 乙基
etio- 初
eu- 优
fluor- ①氟②荧光
fluoro- ①氟②荧光
formyl- 甲酰(基)
guanyl- 脒基
hepta- 七;庚
hetero- 杂
hexa- 六;己
homo- 高(比原化合物多一个-CH2-)
hypo- 次
io- 碘
indo- 碘
iso- 异
keto- 酮
laeo- 左旋
leuco- 白
leo- 左旋
mercapto- 巯基
meso- ①不旋;内消旋②中(间)③中(位)(蒽环的9、10位)
meta- ①间(有机系统用名)②偏(无机酸用)
methoxy- 甲氧基
methyl- 甲基
mono- 一;单
neo- 新
nitro- 硝基
nitroso- 亚硝基
nona- 九;壬
nor- 去甲;降;正
no- 新
noo- 新
oct- 八;辛
octa- 八;辛
octo- 八;辛
ortho- ①邻(位)②正③原
oxalo- 草
oxo- 氧[代]
oxy- ①氧②羟基(误称,但常用)
para- ①对(位)②副(俗名)
penta- 五;戊
per- ①高②过
phen- 苯
pheno- 苯
phenoxy- 苯氧(基)
phenyl- 苯基
phospho- 磷;磷酸
phosphor- 磷;磷酸
phosphoro- 磷;磷酸
phyllo- 叶
poly- 多;聚
propyl- 丙基
proto- 原
pseudo- 假;伪;拟
ribosyl- 核糖基
sec- ①另(指CH3CH2CH(CH3)-型烃基②
semi- 半
silico- 硅
strept- 链
strepto- 链
sulf- 硫
sulfa- 磺胺(磺胺类药物词头)
sulfo- ①硫[代]②磺基
sulph- 硫[代]
sulpho- ①硫[代]②磺基
tert- ①特(指CH3…C(CH3)2-型烃基)②叔
tetra- 四
thio- 硫
trans- 反(式);转
tri- 三
undeca- 十一
alyl- 缬氨酰(基)
inyl- 乙烯基
xantho- 黄色
-al 醛
-aldehyde 醛
-amide 酰胺
-amidine 脒
-amine 胺
-ane 烷
-ase 酶
-ate ①盐②酯
-azide 叠氮;-N3
-caine 卡因(局部麻醉药词尾)
-carbonyl 羰基
-carboxamide 甲酰胺
-carboxylic acid 羧酸
-cidin 杀……菌素
-cillin 青霉素;西林(青霉素族抗生素词尾)
-cycline 四环素(四环素族抗生素词尾)
-diol ①二醇②二酚
-dione 二酮
-disulfide 二硫(化物)
-ene 烯
-enol 烯醇
-ester 酯
-flaine 黄素
-form 仿(俗名词尾)
-genin 甙元(旧称配基)
-hydrin 醇
-ine 碱;素(生物碱词尾)
-lactone 内酯
-lysin 溶素(俗名词尾)
-micin 霉素(抗生素词尾)
-mycetin 霉素;菌素(抗生素词尾)
-mycin 霉素(抗生素词尾)
-nitrile 腈
-ol ①醇②酚
-olol 心安(心安类药物词尾)
-one 酮
-ose 糖
-oside 糖甙
-oxide 氧;氧化物
-oyl 酰
-quine 奎(俗名尾词)
-sporin 孢菌素(抗生素词尾)
-sullide 硫(化物)
-sulfone 砜
-sulfoxide 亚砜
-thioic acid 硫代酸
-thione 硫酮
-thione 硫酮
-toxin 毒
-triol 三醇
-tropin 托品(俗名尾词)
-urea 脲
-xanthin 黄质
-yl 基(一价基)
-yne 炔
6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Janbon综合症 Janbon's syndrome
PPB浓度 parts per billion concentration
pphm浓度 parts per hundred million concentration
PPH浓度 parts per hundred concentration
ppm浓度 parts per million concentration
安全范围 safety range
安全试验法 innocuity test method
安全系统 safety coefficient
安慰剂 placebo
螯合剂 chelating agent
靶细胞 target cell
白蛋白微球制剂 albumin microballoons
百分浓度 percentage concentration
半合成抗生素 semisynthetic antibiotics
半抗原 haptene
半数致死剂量 half lethal dose ; median lethal dose; LD50
半衰期 half-life period; half life time
包衣片 coated tablet
薄膜衣 film-coating
饱和溶液 saturated solution
贝克勒尔 Becquerel
被动免疫 passie immunity
被动转运 passie transport
崩解度 disintegration
崩解剂 disintegrants
必需氨基酸 essential aminoacid
必需脂肪酸 essential fatty acid
变态反应 allergy; allergic reaction
表面活性 surface actiity
表面张力 surface tension
丙种射线 gamma rays
补体 complement
补体系统 complement system
不良反应 aderse reaction
不完全抗原 incomplete antigen
搽剂 liniments
长期毒性实验 long term toxicity test
长效制剂 prolonged action preparation
肠肝循环 enterohepatic circulation
肠溶控释片 enteric controlled release tablets
肠溶衣 enteric coating
处方 prescription;recipe
穿透促进剂 penetration enhancers
磁性控释制剂 magnetic controlled release dosage form
磁性药物制剂 magnetic medicinal preparations
大分子 macromolecule
单克隆抗体 monoclonal antibody
胆碱酯酶 cholinesterase
当量 equialent weight
当量定律 equialent law
当量浓度 normality
当量溶液 normal solution
等张溶液 isotonic solution
低聚糖 oligosaccharides
低密度脂蛋白 low density lipoprotein
滴定 titration
滴定曲线 titration cure
滴丸剂 pill
递质 transmitter
电解 electrolyzation
电解质 electrolyte
酊剂 tincture
定向药物制剂 directed pharmaceutical preparations
毒理学 toxicology
毒性反应 toxic response; toxic reaction
短期致癌实验 short term carcinogenic test
对因治疗 etiological treatment
对映体 antipode
对症治疗 symptomatic treatment
多功能酶 multifunctional enzyme
多剂量给药 multiple dose administration
多糖 polyose
多肽 polypeptide
儿茶酚胺 catecholamine
二重感染 superinfection
发酵 fermentation
法定处方 official formula
芳族化合物 aromatic compound
放射毒理学 radiotoxicology
放射药剂学 radiopharmaceutics
非必需氨基酸 non-essential amino acid
非去极化型肌松药 nondepolarizer
分子病 molecular disease
分子溶液 molecular solution
分子生物学 molecular biology
分子药理学 molecular pharmacology
辅基 prosthetic group
辅料 excipients
辅酶 coenzyme
副作用 side effect
附加剂 additie
干燥剂 desiccant;drying agent
肝首过效应 first pass effect of hepar
感受器 receptor
高敏性 hyperreactiity
个体差异性 indiidual differences; indiidual ariation
给药方案或给药速度 dosage regimen or dose rate
给药间隔 dosing interal
工业药剂学 industrial pharmacy
共价键 coalent bond
光量子 light quantum
广谱抗生素 broad-spectrum antibiotic
过滤 filtration
过敏毒素 anaphylatoxin
过敏性药物反应 anaphylactic drug reaction
过氧化物 superoxide
含量均匀度 content uniformity
核糖核酸 ribonucleic acid; RNA
核苷酸 nucleotide
合并用药 drug combination
合成药物 synthetic drugs
合剂 mixture
痕量元素 trace element
化学分析 chemical analysis
化学物理学 chemical physics
化学消毒法 chemical disinfection
化学药物治疗 chemotherapy
环境药理学 enironmental pharmacology
基本药物 essential drugs
基因 gene
激活剂 actiator
激活作用 actiation
激素 hormone
激素原 prohormone
急性毒性实验 acute toxicity test
己糖醇细胞毒剂 cytotoxic hexitols
剂量 dosage; dose
剂量或浓度的依存性 dose or concentration dependency
剂型 dosage form
间接致癌 indirect carcinogenesis
间歇灭菌法 discontinuous sterilization
碱中毒 alkalosis;alkali-poisoning
胶体溶液型药剂 medical colloidal solution
嚼用片 chewable tablets
酵解 glycolysis
拮抗作用 antagonism
解毒作用 detoxication
介质 mediator; transmitter; medium
精神依赖性 psychic dependence
剧药 powerful drug
绝对致死剂量 absolute lethal dose; LD100
抗毒素 antitoxin
抗菌谱 antibacterial spectrum
抗体 antibody
抗血清 antiserum
抗药性 resistance to drugs
抗原 antigen
克当量 gram-equialent weight
克当量数 gram-equialent number
克分子 gram-molecule; gram-mol
克分子分数 molar fraction
克分子量 gram molecular weight
克分子浓度 molar comcentratin; molal comcentration
克原子 gram-atom
控释制剂 controlled release preparation
口腔内给药 oral administration
快速耐受 tachyphylaxis
扩散 diffusion
扩散系数 coefficient of diffusion
累积尿排泄曲线 cumulatie urinary excretion cures
累加效应 additie effect
类毒素 anatoxin;toxoid
类固醇停药综合征 steroid withdrawal syndrome
冷藏 cold-storage
冷冻 freezing;refrigeration
量子药理学 quantum pharmacology
临床药理学 clinical pharmacology
临床药学 chlinical pharmacy
卤化物 halogenide
埋植剂 implants
慢通道 slow pathway
慢性毒性实验 chronic toxicity test; long term toxicity test
酶 enzyme
酶原 proenzyme
免疫抑制剂 immunosuppressant;immuno inhibitor
免疫原性 immunogenicity
免疫增强剂 immunoenhancement
敏感性 sensitiity
摩尔 mole
摩尔分数浓度 mol fraction concentration
摩尔分子体积 molar olume;mole olume
摩尔浓度 molarity
默克索引 the Merck index
耐受性 tolerance
耐药性 drug tolerance
内毒素 endotoxin
内毒素鲎试剂测定法 Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxin
内消旋体 mesomer
浓度 concentration
皮肤、粘膜表面给药 skin and mucocutaneous administration
片剂硬度 tablet hardness
气凝胶 aerogel
气溶胶 aerosol
气体分析 gas analysis
气雾剂 aerosol
前体药物 prodrug
鞘内注射 intrathecal injection
全酶与辅基 holonzyme and prosthetic group
人工合成抗原 artificial antigen
人工免疫 artificial immunization
人种药理学 ethnopharmacology
日内瓦命名法 Genea nomenclature
溶剂 solent; dissolent
溶解 dissolution; dissoling
溶菌酶 lysozyme
溶血 hemolysis
溶质 solute
三羧酸循环 tricarboxylic acid cycle
杀菌活性 bactericidal actiity
杀菌作用 bactericidal effect
身体依赖性 physical dependence
神经毒素 neurotoxin
肾上腺素能神经 adrenergic nere
肾上腺素能受体 adrenergic receptor
渗透压 osmotic pressure
生长曲线 growth cure
生物胺 biogenic amine
生物半衰期 biological half life
生物化学 biochemistry
生物碱 alkaloid
生物利用度 bioaailability
生物统计学 biometrics;biometry
生物药剂学 biopharmacy
生物制品 biological product
生药 crude drugs
时辰药理学 chronopharmacology
时间感受性 chronosusceptability
时间治疗 chronotherapy
时效关系 time-effect relationship
时值 chronaxia;chronaxy
时滞 lag time
世界卫生组织 World Health Organization; WHO
噬菌体 bacteriophage
收敛药 astringent
手性药物 chiral drug
首过效应 first-pass effect
受体 receptor
受体激动剂 receptor stimulant
受体拮抗剂 receptor antagonist
双盲法 double-blind technique
水解(作用) hydrolysis
糖异生作用 gluconeogenesis
体表面积 body surface area
体积比浓度 olume by olume concentration
体液 body fluid
体液免疫 humoral immunity
天然抗体 natural antibody
天然抗原 natural antigen
天然免疫 natural immunity
天然药物 crude drugs; natural drugs
调剂学 dispensing pharmacy
同位素 isotope
突变 mutation
吞噬作用 phagocytosis
外毒素 exotoxin
外消旋体 raceme
完全抗原 complete antigen
王水 aqua regia; nitrohydrochloric acid
微粒体酶 microsomal enzyme
微量元素 trace element
稳态血药浓度 steady state plasma concentration
物理药剂学 physical pharmaceutics
吸入法 inhalation
吸收速率常数 absorption rate constant
细胞免疫 cellular immunity
腺苷磷酸 adenosine phosphate
限制性剧药 restrictie holagogue
相对给药间隔 relatie dosage interal
相加作用 additie effect; addition
向靶给药 targetable drug deliery
消除速率常数 elimination rate constant
效价 potency
效价单位 potency unit
效价强度 potency
效应 effect
效应器 effector
效应物 effector
协定处方 cipher prescription
协同作用 synergism
兴奋性 excitability
序贯设计 sequential design
悬浮液 suspension
选择性 selectiity
血管内给药 intraascular administration
血管外给药 extraascular administration
血浆 plasma
血浆代用液 plasma substitute
血浆蛋白结合率 plasma protein binding ratio
血脑屏障 blood-cerebral barrier
血清 serum
血容量扩充剂 blood olume expander
血药浓度 blood concentration
血液凝固 blood coagulation
血液制品 blood products
亚急性中毒 subacute intoxication;subacute poisoning
亚硝酸盐中毒 nitrite poisoning
眼用膜剂 ocular inserts
药—时半对数曲线 semi-logarithmic cure of drug-time
药—时曲线 drug-time cure
药峰浓度 peak concentration of drug
药峰时间 peak time of drug
药剂等效性 pharmaceutical equialence
药剂学 pharmaceutics
药理学 pharmacology
药敏试验 drug sensitie test
药品负责期 allotted date of drug quality ensuring by manufacturer
药品管理法 drug administration law
药品批号 drug batch number
药品使用期 limit date of using a drug after its production
药品有效期 expiry date; date of expiration
药品质量标准 drug standard
药物代谢 drug metabolism
药物代谢酶 drug metablic enzyme
药物的体内过程 intracorporal process of drugs
药物动力学模型 pharmacokinetics model
药物反应 drug reaction
药物分布 drug distribution
药物分析 pharmaceutical analysis
药物化学 pharmaceutical chemistry
药物排泄 drug excretion
药物吸收 drug absorption
药物相互作用 drug interaction
药物消除 drug elimination
药物蓄积 drug accumulation
药物学 pharmacology; materia medica
药物遗传学 pharmacogenetics
药效动力学 pharmacodynamics
药源性疾病 drug-induced diseases
乙酰胆碱乙酰胆碱 acetylcholine
乙酰胆碱酯酶 acetylcholinesterase
抑菌活性 bacteriostatic actiity
抑菌作用 bactriostasis
异构酶 isomerase
营养素 nutrient
硬膏剂 plaster
有效半衰期 effectie halt
有效率 effectie rate
有效浓度 effectie concentration
右旋糖 dextrose
右旋体 dextrorotatory form
阈剂量 threshold dose
载体 carrier
皂甙 saponins
脂质体 liposome
直肠给药 rectal administration
直线相关 linear correlation
纸型片剂 oral medicaed soluble paper
致癌实验 carcinogenic test
致癌物 carcinogen
致畸试验 teratogenic test
致畸物 teratogen
致敏试验 sensitization test
致敏作用 sensitization
致死量 fatal dose; lethal dose
制剂 preparation
制剂学 technology of pharmaceutics
制药化学 pharmaceutical chemistry
治疗等效(值) therapeutic equialence
治疗量 therapeutic dose
治疗药物临测 therapeutic drug monitoring; TDM
治疗指数 therapeutic index TI
治疗作用 therapeutic action
中毒 intoxication; poisoning
中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准 Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China
中间体 intermediate
助滤剂 filter aid
助溶剂 complex solubilizer
助悬剂 suspending agent
自身免疫 autoimmunity
组胺 histamine
最大耐受剂量 maximal tolerable dose; LDO
最大无作用剂量 maxial noneffectie dose; EDO
最小显著差数 least significant difference
最小有效量 minimal effectie dose
最小致死剂量 minimal lethal dose;MLD
左旋糖 leulose
左旋体 leorotatory form
佐剂 adjuant
5-FU 5-氟尿嘧啶
5-HT 5-羟色胺
6-MP 6-巯基嘌呤
A/G 白球蛋白比率
ACD 酸性枸橼酸葡萄糖
ACP 酸性磷酸酶
ACTH 促肾上腺皮质激素
ADH 抗利尿激素
ADP 二磷酸腺苷
AFP 甲(种)胎(儿)蛋白
AHF 抗血友病因子
AKP 碱性磷酸酶
ALL 急性淋巴细胞性白血病
ALS 抗淋巴细胞血清
ALT(GPT) 丙氨酸转氨酶
AMA 抗线粒体抗体
AMI 急性心肌梗塞
AML 急性粒细胞性白血病
AMP 一磷酸腺苷
ANA 抗核抗体
APC 复方阿司匹林
AST(GOT) 天冬氨酸转氨酶
ATN 急性肾小管坏死
ATP 三磷酸腺苷
BCG 卡介苗
BCNU 卡氮芥
BMR 基础代谢率
BP 血压
BSA (1)牛血清白蛋白;(2)体表面积
BSP 磺溴酞钠
BT 出血时间
BUN 血尿素氮
B 血容量
C3 补体3
cAMP 环磷酸腺苷
CAPD 不卧床的持续性腹膜透析
CB-1348 苯丁酸氮芥
CBG 皮质类固醇结合球蛋白
CCNU 环己亚硝脲
CCU 冠心病监护病室
CEA 癌胚抗原
cGMP 环磷鸟苷
CIC 循环免疫复合物
CIEP 对流免疫电泳
CLL 慢性淋巴细胞性白血病
CML 慢性粒细胞性白血病
CM 巨细胞病毒
CNS 中枢神经系统
CO2cp 二氧化碳结合力
CoA 辅酶A
CO 心输出量
CPBA 竞争性蛋白结合分析
CPC 临床病理讨论会
CPK 肌酸磷酸激酶
cpm 每分钟计数
CSF 脑脊髓液
CT (1)电算机体层摄影;(2)血凝时间
CP 中心静脉压
DIC 播散性血管内凝血
DMSA 二巯基丁二酸
DNase 脱氧核糖核酸酶
DNA 脱氧核糖核酸
DNCB 二硝基氯苯
DOCA 醋酸脱氧皮质酮
dpm 每分钟衰变数
DSA 数字减影血管造影
DSS 登革休克综合征
DTPA 二乙三胺五乙酸
ECG;EKG 心电图
EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸
EEG 脑电图
EHF 流行性出血热
EIA 免疫酶法
ELISA 酶联免疫吸附试验
EMCP 肌电图
ENT 耳鼻咽喉
ERCP 逆行胰胆管造影
ESR 红细胞沉降率
FSH-RH 促卵泡素释放激素
FSH 促卵泡素
FT4I 游离甲状腺素指数
FT4 游离甲状腺素
GABA α-氨基丁酸
GH 生长激素
GTT 葡萄糖耐量试验
HAI;HI 血凝抑制试验
HA 甲型肝炎病毒
HBcAg 乙型肝炎核心抗原
HBeAg 乙型肝炎e抗原
HBsAg 乙型肝炎表面抗原
HB 乙型肝炎病毒
Hb 血红蛋白
HCG 人绒毛膜促性腺激素
HC 丙型肝炎病毒
HDL 高密度脂蛋白
HD 丁型肝炎病毒
HE 戊型肝炎病毒
HI 人粪免疫缺陷病毒
HLA 人白细胞抗原系统
HP 高倍视野
ICU 危重症病人监护病室
IFA 免疫萤光法
Ig 免疫球蛋白
ITP 特发性血小板减少性紫癜
IU 国际单位
IU 静脉尿路造影
JBE 日本乙型脑炎
ke 千电子伏
LATS 长效甲状腺刺激素
LD50 半致死量
LDH 乳酸脱氢酶
LDL 低密度脂蛋白
LH-RH 黄体生成素释放激素
LH 黄体生成素
LP 低倍视野
MAA 巨聚白蛋白
MCHG 平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度
MC 平均红细胞体积
MDP 亚甲基二磷酸
MRI(NMR) 磁共振(核磁共振)成像
MTX 氨甲蝶呤
NHL 非何杰金淋巴瘤
NPN 非蛋白氮
OT 旧结核菌素
PaCO2 动脉血二氧化碳分压
PAGE 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳
PaO2 动脉血氧分压
PAS 对氨基水杨酸
PBI 蛋白结石碘
PBS 磷酸盐缓冲液
PB 磷酸盐缓冲剂
PCR 聚合酶链反应
PG 前列腺素
PHA 植物血凝素:被动血凝试验
pH 酸碱度(氢离子浓度负指数)
PPD 结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物
PSP 酚磺酞(酚红)
PTC 经皮肝穿刺胆道造影
PTH 甲状旁腺激素
PT 凝血酶原时间
rbc 红细胞
RBC 红细胞计数
RES 网状内皮系统
RF 类风湿因子
RIA 放射免疫分析
RNA 核糖核酸
rpm 每分钟转速(现改用r/min)
R 轮状病毒
SaO2 氧饱和度
SBE 亚急性细菌性心内膜炎
SLE 系统性红斑狼疮
SPECT 单光子发射计算机断层图像检查
T3 三碘甲状腺原氨酸
T4 甲状腺素
TBG 甲状腺素结合球蛋白
TG 甘油三酯
Tg 甲状腺球蛋白
TRH 促甲状腺激素释放激素
TSH 促甲状腺激素
TTT 麝香草酚浊度试验
U 单位
LDL 极低密度脂蛋白
Wbc 白细胞
WBC 白细胞计数
WHO 世界卫生组织
我一定会努力的。
专业英语词汇.rar (104.48k)
I want to summarize the material gien by all of you.
I am so exciting.haha
the mind run the body, neer let the body tell the mind what to do.The body wiil always gie up, it is always tired,morning,noon and night.But the body is not tired if the mind is not tired. When you were yonger,the mind could make you dance all day all night,but the body is not tired.So you hae always got to make the mind take oer and keep going!!
absorbance 吸光度
absorbance ratio 吸光度比值
acid-neutralizing capacity 酸中和容量
alkyloxy determination 烷氧基测定
analytical quality control 分析质量控制
apparent iscosity 表观黏度
arsenic salt 砷盐
arsenic stain 砷斑
assay 含量测定
azeotropic method 共沸法
back propagation 反向传播
barium salt 钡盐
boiling range 沸程
calcium salt 钙盐
calibration set 校正集
capillary melting point determi-nation 毛细管熔点测定
characteristics 性状
chloride 氯化物
chromatographic response function, CRF 色谱响应函数
chromtographic optimization function, COF 色谱优化函数
clarity 澄清度
computational pharmaceutical analysis,computer-aided pharmaceutical analysis 计算机辅助药物分析
congealing point 凝点
consistence test 抽针试验
content uniformity 装量差异
conergence 收敛
crystal fineness 结晶细度
crystallinity 结晶性
cyanide 氰化物
Danish concentrator 丹氏浓缩器
decay 衰变
disintegration 崩解时限
dissolution 溶出度
drug quality control 药品质量控制
drug release 药物释放
drug standard 药品标准
ether-soluble acidic matter 醚溶性酸性物
falling sphere iscometer 落球黏度计
feature 特征
feature selection 特征选择
fineness of the particles 颗粒细度
foreign odor 异臭
foreign pigment 有色杂质
freezing test 结冻试验
general identification test 一般鉴别试验
heay metal 重金属
hot stage melting point determi-nation 热台熔点测定
hydrostatic method, Westphal balance method 韦氏比重秤法
hydroxyl alue 羟值
identification 鉴别
image analysis 图象分析
immersion refractometer 浸入折射计
international standard substance 国际标准品
iodide 碘化物
iron salt 铁盐
kinematic iscosity 运动黏度
library searching 库检索
limit test 限度检查
loss on drying 干燥失重
melting point 熔点
melting range 熔距
microcrystal 微晶
minimum fill 最低装量
molecular size 分子大小
multiariate calibration 多变量校正
nitrogen content 总氮量
non-saponifiable matter 不皂化物
non-olatile matter 不挥发物
odorless 无臭
optimization method 最优化方法
particulate matter 不溶性微粒
pattern 模式
peroxide alue 过氧化值
phase solubility analysis 相溶解度分析
polarimeter 旋光计
prediction set 预示集
pycnometric method 比重瓶法
pyrogen 热原
quality standard 质量标准
radioactie concentration 放射性浓度
radionuclide purity 放射性核纯度
readily carbonizable substance 易碳化物
readily oxidizable substance 易氧化物
reference standard 参比标准
reference substance 对照品
related substance 有关物质
relatie density 相对密度
residue on eaporation 蒸发残渣
residue on ignition 炽灼残渣
response surface 响应面
ridge regression 岭回归
rotating cylinder iscometer 旋转黏度计
ruggedness 耐用性
signal processing 信号处理
Soxhlet extractor 索氏[脂肪]抽提器
specific absorbance 吸光系数
specific intrinsic iscosity 比特性黏度
specification 规格
stability study 稳定性试验
standard color solution 标准比色液
standard substance 标准品
sulfate 硫酸盐
suspension time 悬浮时间
swelling degree 膨胀度
test set 试验集
toluene distillation method 甲苯蒸馏法
total solid 总固体
training set 训练集
undue toxicity 异常毒性
uniformity of dosage units 含量均匀度
an Slyke method 范氏氨基氮测定法
ariate calibration 变量校正
olatile oil determination apparatus 挥发油测定器
olumetric solution, S 滴定液
window diagram technique 窗口图解技术
服用解热镇痛药只是一种临时的治疗措施。在未明确诊断前,只能使用3日。如果症状持续没有缓解,请立即就医。
Don't drink alcohol or beerage with alcohol while taking analgesics and antipyretics. 服用解热镇痛工时,不能同时饮酒或含有酒精的饮料。
Watch the change of condition carefully to prebent collapse while the old and children take it. 老人、小儿使用时,应仔细观察病情的变化,防止虚脱。
You should pay attention to cross-allergic reactions between different analgesics and antipyretics.您要注意不同解热镇痛药之间的交叉过敏反应反应。
2. A drug manufacturer may not accept any contract production of drugs unless it is approed by the drug regulatory agency of the State Council, or by the drug regulatory agency of the goernment of a proince, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Goernment authorized by the drug regulatory agency of the State Council. 经国务院药品监督管理部门或者国务院药品监督管理部门授权的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准,药品生产企业可以接受委托生产药品
3. Actie pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and recipients for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products shall meet the requirements for medicinal use. 生产药品所需的原料、辅料,必须符合药用要求
4. administratie sanctions行政处分
5. All institutions or indiiduals engaged in research, production, distribution, use, and administration and superision of drugs in the People's Republic of China shall abide by drug control law of the people's republic of China. 在中华人民共和国境内从事药品的研制、生产、经营、使用和监督管理的单位或者个人,必须遵守《中华人民共和国药品管理法》
6. Any drug manufacturer to be established shall meet the following requirements: (1) stuffed with legally qualified pharmaceutical and engineering professionals and the necessary technical workers;(2) proided with the premises, facilities, and clear enironment required for drug manufacturing; (3) haing quality management and control units and personnel capable of quality management of and testing for drugs to be produced and the necessary instruments and equipment; and (4) establishing rules and regulations to goern the quality of drugs. 开办药品生产企业,必须具备以下条件:(一)具有依法经过资格认定的药学技术人员、工程技术人员及相应的技术工人;(二)具有与其药品生产相适应的厂房、设施和卫生环境;(三)具有能对所生产药品进行质量管理和质量检验的机构、人员以及必要的仪器设备;(四)具有保证药品质量的规章制度
7. Any newly established drug retailer shall be subject to approal and be granted the aboe certificate by the local drug regulatory agency at or aboe the county leel. 开办药品零售企业,须经企业所在地县级以上地方药品监督管理部门批准并发给《药品经营许可证》
8. Any newly established drug wholesaler shall be subject to approal of the local drug agency of the goernment of the proince, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Goernment and be granted the Drug Supply Certificate. 开办药品批发企业,须经企业所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准并发给《药品经营许可证》
9. Any newly established pharmaceutical manufacturer shall be subject to approal by the local drug regulatory agency of the goernment of the proince, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Goernment and be granted the Drug Manufacturing Certificate, and, with the certificate, the manufacturer shall be registered with the administratie agency for industry and commerce. 开办药品生产企业,须经企业所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门批准并发给《药品生产许可证》,凭《药品生产许可证》到工商行政管理部门办理登记注册
10. clinical trial临床试验
11. control oer drug distributors药品经营企业管理
12. control oer drug manufacturers药品生产企业管理
13. control oer drug packaging药品包装的管理
14. control oer drug price and adertisement药品价格和广告的管理
15. control oer drugs药品管理
16. control oer medicines in medical institutions医疗机构的药剂管理
17. counterfeit drugs假药
18. criminal liabilities刑事责任
19. drug approal documents药品批准证明文件
20. Drug Approal Number药品批准文号
21. Drug Control Law of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国药品管理法
22. Drug distributors shall conduct business according to the Good Supply Practice for Pharmaceutical Products (GSP) set by the drug regulatory agency of the State Council based on this Law. 药品经营企业必须按照国务院药品监督管理部门依据本法制定的《药品经营质量管理规范》经营药品
23. drug distributors经营企业
24. Drug manufacturers shall conduct production according to the Good Manufacturing Practice Products (GMP) formulated by the drug regulatory agency of the State Council based on this Law. The drug regulatory agency shall inspect a drug manufacturer as to its compliance with the GMP requirements and issue a certificate to the manufacturer passing the inspection. 药品生产企业必须按照国务院药品监督管理部门依据本法制定的《药品生产质量管理规范》组织生产。药品监督管理部门按照规定对药品生产企业是否符合《药品生产质量管理规范》的要求进行认证;对认证合格的,发给认证证书
25. Drug manufacturers shall perform quality test of their products. 药品生产企业必须对其生产的药品进行质量检验
26. drug manufacturers药品的生产企业
27. Drug Manufacturing Certificate药品生产许可证
28. drug quality control laboratory药品检验机构
29. drug regulatory agency药品监督管理部门
30. Drug Supply Certificate药品经营许可证
31. Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceutical Products (GMP) 药品生产质量管理规范
32. Good Supply Practice for Pharmaceutical Products (GSP) 药品经营质量管理规范
33. Import Drug License进口药品注册证书
34. inferior drugs劣药
35. inspection of drugs药品监督
36. labels or marks of the drugs药品标识
37. legal liabilities法律责任
38. medical institutions医疗机构
39. New Drug Certificate新药证书
40. No one is permitted to distribute drugs without the certificate. 无《药品经营许可证》的,不得经营药品
41. No products that do not meet the National Drug Standards or that are not produced according to the processing procedures for the prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs formulated by the drug regulatory agency of the goernment of a proince, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Goernment may be released. 不符合国家药品标准或者不按照省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门制定的中药饮片炮制规范炮制的,不得出厂
42. Pharmaceutical Preparation Certificate for Medical Institution医疗机构制剂许可证
43. The drug quality control laboratories established or designated by drug regulatory agencies shall undertake the responsibility for drug testing required for conducting drug reiew and approal and controlling drug quality pursuant to the law. 药品监督管理部门设置或者确定的药品检验机构,承担依法实施药品审批和药品质量监督检查所需的药品检验工作
44. The drug regulatory agencies of the goernments of proinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Goernment shall be responsible for drug regulation in their administratie areas. 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府药品监督管理部门负责本行政区域内的药品监督管理工作
45. The drug regulatory agency of the State Council shall be responsible for drug administration and superision nationwide. 国务院药品监督管理部门主管全国药品监督管理工作
46. The term of alidation and the scope of manufacturing shall be noted in the Drug Manufacturing Certificate. For renewal of the certificate on expiration, reiewing and approal again is required. 《药品生产许可证》应当标明有效期和生产范围,到期重新审查发证
47. The alid period and the scope of business shall be indicated in the Drug Supply Certificate. For renewal of the certificate upon expiration, reiewing and approal again is required. 《药品经营许可证》应当标明有效期和经营范围,到期重新审查发证
48. When drug manufacturers make any change in the production process that may affect the drug quality, they shall submit the change to the original authority for reiewing and approal. 药品生产企业改变影响药品质量的生产工艺的,必须报原批准部门审核批准
49. When giing approal to the newly-established manufacturer, the drug regulatory agency shall see to it that the deelopment programs and policies set by the State for the pharmaceutical industry shall be complied with so as to preent duplicate construction. 药品监督管理部门批准开办药品生产企业,应当符合国家制定的药品行业发展规划和产业政策,防止重复建设
50. With the Drug Supply Certificate , the wholesaler and the retailer shall be registered with the administratie agency for industry and commerce. 药品批发、零售企业凭《药品经营许可证》到工商行政管理部门办理登记注册
51. With the exception of the processing of prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs, a drug shall be produced in conformity with the National Drug Standard and with the production processes approed by the drug regulatory agency of the State Council, and the production records shall be complete and accurate. 除中药饮片的炮制外,药品必须按照国家药品标准和国务院药品监督管理部门批准的生产工艺进行生产,生产记录必须完整准确
controlled release preparation
delayed release preparation
chewable tablets
matrix tablets
IQ=installation qualification 安装确认
PQ=performance qualification 性能确认
OQ=operation qualification 运行确认
DQ=design qualification 设计确认
PAT=process analytical technology 过程分析技术(这个是个比较新的技术,大致就是靠红外探头可以掌握过程终点,如总混。辉瑞和默克现在用)
制剂验证方面:
P=process alidation 工艺验证
C=cleaning alidation 清洗验证
A=analysis alidation 分析方法验证
CAPA correction action and preention action 预防和纠正措施
一、进口药英文说明书的结构简介
“药品说明书”的英文表达方式有Instructons,Directions,Description 现在多用Package Insert,或简称 Insert,也有用Leeflet或Data Sheets。Insert原意为“插入物,插页”。药品说明书即为附在每种药品包装盒中的一份用药说明。经过注册的进口药品一般是国家承认的有效药物,其说明书是指导医生与患者合理用药的重要依据,具有一定的法律效力。
进口药的英文说明书随药品来源的不同,有以英语为母语的国家,也有以英语为外语的国家。说明书繁简难易不同。短者仅百余词,长者可达上万词。较简单的悦明书仅介绍成分、适应症、禁忌症、用法与用量等内容;较详尽的说明书中除上述内容外还包括:药品性状、药理作用、临床药理、临床前动物试验、临床经验、药代动力学、庄意事项、不良反应或副作用、用药过量、药物的相互作用、警告、有效期、包装、贮存条件、患者须知及参考文献等诸多项目。
为了顺利阅读和正确翻译进口药英文说明书,读者除应具备较好的英语基础,掌握一定的专业知识(如医学、化学、药剂学、药理学、药物代谢动力学等)外,还应熟悉英文药品说明书的结构及语言待点等。大多数英文说明书都包括以下内容;①药品名称(Drug NameS),②性状(Description),③药理作用(Pharmacological Actions),④适应症(Indications),⑤禁忌证(Contraindications),⑥用量与用法(DOsage and Administration).⑦不良反应(Aderse Reactions)。⑧注意事项(Precautions),⑨包装(Package),⑩贮存(Storage),⑾其他项目(Others)。
现将各项专题的表述方法与翻译、结构特点、常用词语及阅读技巧等分述如下。
二、药品名称(第一节)
英文药品说明书中常见的药品名称有商品名( Trade Name或 Proprietary Name),通用名( Generic
Name)和化学名(Chemical Name),其中最常见的是商品名。例如,***田边有限公司生产的熊去氧胆酸
片,其商品名为 Ursosan(Tablets):通用名为 Ursodesoxycholic Acid(熊去氧胆酸);化学名为3a,7p dihydroxy-5p-Cholanoic acid(3a,7p二羟基5p胆烷酸)。有时同一种药品,不同的厂家使用不同的商品名称。
药品说明书中的标题药名用其商品名。有时在其右上角(或在上角)有一(R)标记,例如ADRIBLASTNA(R)(阿霉素),TEGRETOL(痛痉宁)。“R”是Register(注册)的缩写,(R)表示该产品已经本国的有关部门核准.取得了此项专用的注册商标(Registered Trade Mark)。有时在商品名之下(或后)又列有通用名或化学名.例如: Rulide(罗力得)之下列有(Roxithromycin,罗红霉素): Minipress(脉宁平)之后列有(Praxosin HCI,盐酸哌唑嗪); Nitro-Dur(护心贴片〕之下又列有( Nitroglycerin,硝酸甘油)。
药品名称的翻译可采用音译、意译、音意合译及谐音译意等方法。
1、音译:按英文药品名歌的读音译成相同或相近的汉语。如:Tamoxitn它莫西芬,Ritalin利他林,Am-
cacin 阿米卡星。音译较为方便,但不能表意。
2、意译:按药品名称所表达的含意译成相应的汉语。例如:cholic Acid 胆酸,Tetracyline四环素;也可
按其药理作用翻译.如:Minidiab灭糖尿(治疗糖尿病药物),Natulan疗治癌(细胞生长抑制剂),Uraly消石素(治疗尿路结石药物)等。
3、音意合译:药品名称中的一部分采用音译,另一部分采用意译.例如:Coumadin香豆定(coumarin香
豆素),Neo-Octin新握克丁(neo-新);Medemycin麦迪霉素(-mycin 霉素),Cathinone卡西酮(-one酮)。
4、谐音译意:以音译为原则,选用谐音的汉字,既表音,又表意,音意结合。例如:Antrenyl安胄灵,Doriden多睡丹,Legalon利肝隆,Webilin胃必灵.商品名称可以这样翻洋,而法定名称则规定不可以这样翻译。
药品的化学名称反映出该药品的化学结构组成成分,可借助英汉化学化工词典进行翻译。如果名称很长,可以分解开来,分别查出各个组成部分的名称,组合而成。例如:Catalin(卡他林)的化学名称是1-Hdroxy- 5-oxo-5H-pyrido(3,2-a)-Phenoxazine-3-carboxylic acid,译成汉语是1-羟基-5-氧-5H-吡啶开(3,2-a)吩 嗪-3-羧酸。如能掌握一些常用的酸、碱、盐、基因、化合物的英文名称,以及常用的前缀、后缀等,翻译时会顺利得多。例如:chloride氯化物,sulfate(sulphate)硫酸盐,acetyl一乙酰基,amino氨基,di-二,dihydro-二氢。nitro-硝基,-ester酯,-lactone内酯,-one酮、-oxide氧化物,-urea脲等等.
为了统一药品名称的译名,卫生部药典委员会已拟定出原料药和辅料命名原则,并刊行了《药名词汇》一书,可供翻译英文药品名称时参考。
英文药品说明书的写法——第二节 性状
许多药品说明书的第一项是Description(性状),其原意是“叙述”、“描写”,在药品说明书及药典中一般都译为“性状”,其内容主要是介绍外观、理化性质、组成成分、结构、特征等。这一项最常用的标题是Description,此外还可能有其他的表示法,如:
Chemical Structure 化学结构
Composition 成分
Physical and Chemical Properties 理化性质
这一项中的英语词汇除一部分化学专业词汇外,多为常用词,借助英汉化学化工词典及英汉词典即可通读。
一、本项中常见的句型
例1.Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, crystalline powder; odourless or almost odourless.
叶酸是淡黄色至橙色结晶粉沫,无臭或几乎无臭。
例2.Intralipos 10% is a white opaque fat emulsion for intraenous injection, containing 10 W/ % of purified soybean oil.
脂肪乳剂(10%)是白色,不透明,供静脉注射用的脂肪乳剂,含有10%(W/)的精制大豆油。
例3.Ursosan Tablet 50mg is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodesoxycholic acid.
熊去氧胆酸片为白色素片,每片含50mg熊去氧胆酸。
例4.Sterile pyrogen-free, orange red, freeze-dried powder in ials containing 10mg and 50mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose.
(本品)为小瓶装,灭菌无热原,桔红色冻干粉沫,每小瓶含有10mg或50mg阿霉素盐酸盐与乳糖。
例5.It occurs as a white to off-white, crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solents.
本品(炎痛息康)为白色至类白色结晶固体,难溶于水、稀酸及大多数有机溶剂中。
例6.Pamine, chemically known as epoxytropine tropate methylbromide, has the empirical formula C18H24NO4Br and the molecular weight 398.3.
哌明的化学名称为环氧莨菪碱托品酸酯溴代甲烷,实验式为C18H24NO4Br,分子量为398.3。
例7.Kanendomycin is a ery stable antibiotic, and its actiity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airlight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years.
卡内多霉素是一种很稳定的抗生素,其粉沫置于密封容器中,在室温下保存二年以上,活性不减。
例8.This product is prepared from units of human plasma which hae been tested and found nonreactie for hepatitis associated (Australia) antigen.
本品由人血浆制备,此血浆业经检验,并且证明对肝炎(澳大利亚)抗原无反应。
二、本项中常用的词语
1、表示组成、制备的词及短语,如:
be deried from 由……衍生
consist of 由……组成
be obtained 制得
contain 含有
be prepared from 由……制备
hae (possess) 有(具有)
2、表示性质的一些词类,如:
color 颜色
stable 稳定的
taste 味道
molecular formular 分子式
odorless 无臭的
molecular weight 分子量
crystalline 结晶的
structure 结构
solubility 溶解度
injection 注射剂
insoluble 不溶的
solution 溶液
odor 气味
tablets 片剂
colorless 无色的
deriatie 衍生物
tasteless 无味的
liquid 液体
sterile 无菌的
powder 粉沫
soluble 可溶的
solid 固体
还有许多其他词汇,不能一一列举。记住这些常用词对阅读本项内容大有益处。
英文药品说明书的写法——第三节 药理作用
有些说明书较详细地介绍药品的药理作用(Pharmacological Actions)。其内容主要包括药理作用、临床药理(Clinical Parmacology)、体外试验(in itro experiments)、药物代谢(Metabolism)、药效(Potency)及毒性(Toxicity)等。这一项常用的标题是:
Pharmacological Action 药理作用
Pharmacological Properties 药理性质
Pharmacology 药理学
Clinical Pharmacology 临床药理
其他的表示方法还有:
Actions 作用
Actions and Properties 作用与性质
Clinical Effect (Use) 临床效果(用途)
Mechanism of Action 作用机理
Mode of Action 作用方式
如果药品的一种抗生素,可能出现:
Biological Action 生物活性
Microbiology 微生物学
此外,还有一此其他的表示方法,这里不一一列举。
这一项目中涉及的词汇范围包括药理学、生理学、化学、毒理学、微生物学及医学等学科,专业词汇多,是较难阅读的一部分内容,阅读时可参阅《英汉医学词汇》、《英汉微生物学词汇》及《英汉化学化工词汇》等工具书。另外,还会遇到许多缩写词,如:CNS(中枢神经系统)、EEG(脑电图)、LD50(半数致死剂量)、ECG(心电图)等,这些缩写词可在英汉医学缩略语词典中查到。
一、常见句型举例
例1. Mean peek serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration.
肌注后约30~50分钟之间妥布毒素的平均血药浓度达到高峰。
例2. Nembutal Sodium exerts a depressant action on the CNS and shares the sedatie-hypnotic actions typical of the barbiturates.
戊巴比妥钠对中枢神经系统产生抑制作用,并显示戊巴比妥类特有的镇静催眠作用。
例3. In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effectine in improing and normalizing the alterated cerebral circulation and those disorders related to insufficient arterial flow in the limbs.
临床试验证实,本品疗效高,可改善已改变了的脑循环,使之恢复正常,治疗与四肢动脉血流不畅有关的疾病。
例4. Orbenin is stable to staphylococcal penicillinase, and highly effectie against resistant staphylococci.It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route.
全霉林对葡萄球菌的青霉素酶稳定,对耐药葡萄球菌十分有效。本品具杀菌、耐酸作用,且口服或肌注吸收良好。
例5. Nystain has been found to inhibit the growth of yeast like flora in the intestinal tract.
已查明制霉菌素在肠道内可抑制菌丛类酵母菌的生长。
例6. Fenarol has proed to be effectie as a striated muscle relaxant.
已证明芬那露是疗效很好的横纹肌松施药。
例7. Halcion is a potent short-acting hypnotic agent, which produces its hypnotic actiity from the first night of administration.
好而睡是一种强力速效催眠药,它从服药后的第一个夜晚开始产生催眠作用。
例8. Therapeutically, ATP injection exhibits effects, especially such as actiation of the function and metabolism of the nere, and also coronary and peripheral asodilation to increase the blood stream.
从治疗上看,三磷酸腺苷注射剂显示了非常好的效果,特别是在活化神经的功能及代谢,以及舒张冠状与外周血管以增加血流方面更是如此。
二、常用词及短语举例
1、动词
absorb 吸收
act 作用
cause (be cause by) 引起(由……引起)
demonstrate 显示
exert (action on) 起……作用
exhibit 显示
inhibit 抑制
accumulate 积蓄
administrate 投药
excrete 排泄
result in 导致 indicate 表明
maintain 维持
produce 产生
protect (from) 保护(不变)
reach 达到
show 显示,表明
treat 治疗
metabolize 代谢
promote 促进
preent 阻止,预防
tolerate 耐受
2、形容词
(be) actie (effectie) against 对…有效的
(be) related to 与……有关的
(be) sensitie to 对……敏感的
resistant to ……有耐药性的 aerage 平均的
minimum 最低(小)的
maximum 最高(大)的
normal 正常的
3、名词
ability 能力
actiity 活性
distribution 分布
excretion 排泄
action 作用
clearance 廓清率
effect on 对…的作用
function 功能,作用
half life 半衰期
in itro 体外 kidney 肾
mechanism 机理
serum concentration 血清浓度
tolerance 耐受性
infection 感染
in io 体内
leel 水平,浓度
plasm leer 血浆浓度(水平)
toxicity 毒性
以上仅举部分例词,此外还有许多专业词汇和基础词汇请参阅有关资料。
英文药品说明书的写法——第四节 适应症
“适应症”最常用的有以下几种表示方法
Indications适应症
Indications and Usage 适应症与用途
Major(Principal)Indications 主要适应症
Uses用途
Action and Use作用与用途
偶尔也会见到其他的表示方法。
本项中出现频率最高的是疾病名称以及微生物(尤其是致病菌)的名称,如:
angina pectoris 心绞痛
cancer癌
diabetes(mellitus)糖尿病
hypertension 高血压
gram-positie microorganisms(bacteria)革兰氏阳性菌
irus 病毒
gram-negatie mcroorgansms(bacteria)革兰氏阴性菌
E.coli 大肠杆菌
这些词汇可借助英汉医学词典进行阅读和翻译,只要掌握了这些词意,即可了解本项基本内容。
一、常见句型
本项是说明书的重点,从句子结构来分析,大致有以下几种类型。
1、不完全句结构.仅列出疾病或微生物的名称.例如:
例1、Angina pectoris, Prinzmetal's angina,hypertension
心绞痛,变异性心绞痛,高血压。
例 2 The following diseases caused by bacteria including gram-positie and gram-negatie bacteria such as Staphylococcus,Streptcoccus, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae……
用于治疗由革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌,如葡萄球菌、链球菌。大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌……引起的下列疾病……
2 由For(或In等)引出的短语,例如:
例3 For preention of the adance of cataract.
用于预防白内障进展。
例 4 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tubercuosis in association with other antitubercular drugs.
与其他抗结核药配伍,治疗各种类型肺结核。
3.To+动词原形构成的短语,如:
例 5 To preent the formation of urinary calculi,especially in cases where they tend to recur.
用于预防尿路,特别是易发部位的结石的形成。
例6 To protect the lier cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the lier.
在服用对肝脏有危害的药物期间,用以保护肝细胞。
4,完整的句子结构或段落,有时结构很复杂;
例 7 Amikacin is useful in the treatment of infections from Gram-negatie sensitie species,there included the Pseudomonas species;it may also be useful to treat infections caused by sensitie staphylococci,
阿米卡星可用于治疗革兰氏阳性敏感菌(其中包括假单孢菌)引起的感染,也可用于治疗敏感葡萄球菌引起的感染。
例 8 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms:
乃柏欣适用于治疗下列由敏感细菌引起的感染:
例 9 Octinum D has proed effectie in the prophylaxis and therapy of disorders arising from spasm of the smooth musculature.
新握克了已证实对平滑肌痉挛引起的病症有预防和治疗作用。
例10 Fungizone intraenous is especially intended to treat cryptococcosis……
注射用凡疾送特别适用于治疗隐球菌病。…
例11 Kanamycin is actie both in itro and io against Gram-possitie and Gram-negatie bacteria as well as acid-fast bacteria
卡那霉素在体外及体内对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌以及耐酸菌都有效。
例12 Benemid is recommended for the treatmemt of gout and gouty arthritis, and to increase and prolong the plasma concentration of penicillins and cephalosporins during anti-infectie therapy.
丙磺舒被推荐用于治疗痛风及痛风关节炎,及在强化抗感染治疗时增加并延长青霉素类及头孢菌素类的血浆浓度。
例 13 Information aailable at present suggests that Oncoin may be useful either alone or in conjunction with other oncolytic drugs for the treatment of acute leukaemias ……
据现有资料表明,硫酸长春新碱可单独使用,亦可与其他溶瘤细胞药物合用,以治疗急性白血病……
例14 Adriamycin is frequenly used in combination chemotherapy regiments with other cytotoxyc drugs.
阿霉素常与其他细胞毒药物合用于化疗方案。
例 15 Concomitant therapy with other calcium antagonists, antihypertensies and alcohol may potentiate the hypotensie action of the drug.
与其他的钙桔抗剂、抗高血压药物及酒精饮料同时使用,会增强本品的降低血压的作用。
二、本项中的常用词及短语举例
许多常用词及疾病名、微生物名词等与“药理作用”项类同,此外还有以下词组与短语(例句参见前文)。
be actie against对……有效
be intended to…适用于……
be administared in …适用于…
be of alue of … 适用于……
be effectie in (for,against)…对…有效
be recommended for 推荐用于……
be employed to …用于……
be used to(for,as)…用于……
be helpful in … 用于……
be useful in … 用于……
be indicated in(for)…适用于…
for(in) the treatment(management)of… 用于治疗(控制)
表示与“其他药物合用”的结构有:
be associated with
in association with
be combined with
in combination with
be compatible with
in connjunction with
concomitant with
together with
英文药品说明书的写法——第五节 禁忌症
本项中最常用的英语表示法是Contraindications,也有用Restrictions on Use(用药限制)的。
一、本项中涉及到禁用(或慎用)某些药物的患者或某种特殊情况,例如:
1、孕妇、妊娠期或哺乳期,幼童等:
pregnant woman 孕妇
lactation 哺乳期
in pregnancy 妊娠期
children under …years of age …岁以下儿童
the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三个月
2、患有某些疾病或过敏的患者,如:
allergic (hypersensitie) to… 对…过敏的
allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 过敏反应
allegy (hypersensitiity) to… 对…过敏
patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者
二、本项中常出现一些疾病名称,例如:
cardiac failure 心力衰竭
hypertension 高血压
cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心(肾)功能不全
seere hypotension 严重低血压
impairment of kidney (renal function) 肾功能损伤
diabetes 糖尿病
lier (hepatic) damage 肝损伤
seere anemia 严重贫血
三、常见句型
1) 省略句型,只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。
例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of lier and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral caity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds.
孕期,对氨甲叶酸过敏,肝、肾功能障碍,血液系统疾病(骨髓机能减退、白细胞及血小板减少、贫血),传染病,口腔及胃溃疡,近期术后伤口等忌用。
例2. Hypersensitiity to quinoiones, seererenal insufficiency.
对喹喏酮类过敏,严重肾功能不全。
2) 完整的句子或段落。其中常用的结构有:
contraindications are… 禁忌症是…
be contraindicated in (for) … 对…禁忌
should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于…
It is adisable to aoid the use of … 建议不用于…
must not be administered (gien) to… 对…不得用药
should be used with caution 慎用
be not recommended for… 最好不用于…
none reported 未见报道
not known 不清楚
还可能有一些其他的结构。
例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitiity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
先锋5号禁用于已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。
例4. It is adisable to aoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use.
如果不是临床需要,建议本品不要与环丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉剂合用。
例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitiity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not gie Benemid to children under two years of age.
若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起过敏反应,则应禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性肾结石的患者建议不要使用本品,二岁以下儿童不得服用。
例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiing large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of conulssie disorders, since grand mal conulsions hae been known to occur.
接受大剂量安眠药的患者不应使用吩噻嗪化合物,对有惊厥病史的患者应慎用,因为已知有发生过癫痫大发作。
例7. Ursosan should not be gien to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.
暴发性肝炎及胆管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧胆酸。
例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who hae shown hypersensitiity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.
除非根据医生的意见,认为需要治疗的患者的病情危及生命,并且只有两性霉素治疗才可能使其有所改善之外,对本品过敏的患者禁用本品。
例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine.
5岁以下儿童禁用敌胺。
例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended.
哺乳期妇女最好不用爱力生。
例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero.
妊娠期禁用:香豆定禁用于孕妇,或可能已怀孕的妇女,因为本品可能穿过胎盘屏障,引起子宫内胚胎致命的出血。
四、在 Restrictions on use 的项目中有时还有小标题
Contraindications 禁忌症
Precautions (Note) 注意事项
Warning 警告
Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠与哺乳
英文药品说明书的写法——第六节 用量与用法
本项最常用的英语表示法有:
Dosage and Administration 用(剂)量与用法
Route of Administration 给药途径(用法)
Administration 用法
Direction for Use 用法
Method of (for) Administration 用法
Application and Dosage 用法与用(剂)量
Mode of Application 用法
Dosage 用(剂)量
How to Use 用法
Posology 剂量学
还可能有其他的表示方法。
本项也是阅读的重点,读者必须正确理解本项内容中的给药对象、给药方式、剂量及剂量单位、给药时间等。
1、常用表示剂量的术语
aerage dose 平均剂量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量
daily dose 日剂量(一日量) multiple dose 多剂量
diided dose 分次剂量 oerdose (oerdose) 过量
fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次剂量
indicated dose 有效蛴量 standard dose 标准(合适)剂量
initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推荐剂量
maintenance dose 维持量 therapeutic dose 治疗剂量
maximum dose 最大剂量(极量) usual (normal) dose 常用剂量
2、常用的剂量单位表示法
g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升
mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升
kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升
mcg=microgram 微克 I.U.=international unit 国际单位
ug 微克 body weight 体重
per square meter of body surface 每平方米体表面积
3、每次给药次数的表示方法
daily (per day, a day, eery day ) 每日
eery …hours 每隔…小时
interats of … 每隔…
once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一(二)次
eery other day 每隔一日
three times a day (daily) 每日三次
three times a week 每周三次
once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一(二)次
Diided into … doses 分…次
in two or three diided doses 分为二或三次(个剂量)
例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the aerage daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily.
如果医生不另开处方,平均日剂量为每日3次、每次1个胶襄。
例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg dody weight daily in 3-4 diided doses orally, taken with meets.
日剂量最好每公斤体重10-15mg,分3-4次口服,与食物共服。
例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily.
开始剂量最好为每日3次,每次半片美多巴250。
例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, gien in four equally diided and spaced doses.
儿童:常用总剂量为每日50-100mg/kg体重,均分为四等份,等间隔给药。
例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg gien as a single daily dose.
推荐的首剂量为每20mg,一次服用。
4、给药对象:最常见的用词有
adolescents 青少年 intant 幼儿
adult 成年人 male 男性
baby (babies) 婴儿 newborn baby (babies) 新生儿
children (child) 儿童 patient 患者,病人
debilitated patients 体弱患者 pediatric 儿科的
elderly patient 老年患者 pregnant women 孕妇
female 女性 senile patient 老年患者(病人)
5、给药方式的表示法:多用副词成或介词短语表示,例如:
intra-arterially 静脉内给药 by mouth (OS) 口服
intragluteally 臀肌内给药 by phleboclysis 静脉输液
intramuscularly 肌内给药 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射
intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔内给药 by intraenous (I) injection 静脉注射
intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔内给药 by the intra-articatar administration 关节内给药
intrathecally 鞘内给药 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌内给药
intraenously 静脉内给药 by the intranasal route 鼻内给药
locally 局部给药 orally 口服给药
parenterally 肠道外给药 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜)腔内给药
subconjuntially 结膜下给药 by the intraenous infusion (perfusion) 静脉输注
subcutaneously 皮下给药 sublingually 舌下给药
submucously 粘膜下给药 by the intrathecal administration 鞘内给药
by aerosol 喷雾给药 by the subligual administration 舌下给药
by drip phleboclysis 点滴静脉输液 per rectum 直肠给药
by enema 灌肠 per aginum 阴道给药
by lumbar 腰椎给药 pro recto 直肠给药
此外还有许多其他的表示法,不一一列举。
6、表示“投药”的常用动词
administer (或be administered、gie、be gien、indicate、be indicated) 给药、投药
use (或be used 、employ、be employed) 用药
recommend (be recommended、suggest、be suggested) 推荐给药
7、表示不同的用药方式的动词:
take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于
spray 喷雾 inject 注射 swallow 吞服
例6 …the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, gien subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intraenously.
建议一次剂量为1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或静脉注射给药。
例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdiided into injections eery 6-8-12 hours.
肌肉注射:每日每公斤体重给药25-50mg,每6-8-12小时一次。
例8 For adults gie intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 diided doses. For intants gie intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two diided doses.
成年人:肌肉注射,每日400-600mg,分2-3次注射;婴儿:肌肉注射,每日10-20mg/kg体重,分2次注射。
例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid.
片剂(或糖浆)应于食间或饭后用少量液体送服。
例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any conenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest.
把护心贴片紧贴在皮肤表面,护心贴片可贴在任何方便的皮肤区域,最好是贴在手臂或胸部。
例11 In general 1 to 3 metered doses should should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the eery oneset of anginal pain.
一般应在心绞痛开始发作时就吸入,或向舌上或舌下喷入1-3个规定的剂量。
8、其它的短语或句型,例如:
according to 根据 be adjusted 调整 depend on 依据 adapt to 适合,修改
on the basis of 在…基础上 ary from…to… 变化范围由…至…,因…而异
range from … to … 变化范围由…至…
it is adisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建议…
例子很多,不一一列举。
例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients indiidually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar.
在周期性检验尿糖和血糖的基础上,调整剂量,使之适用于不同的患者。
例13 It si adisable to initiate therapy with massie doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals oer 2-4 days.
建议开始治疗时采用大剂量,每日剂量为3x2片,饭后服用,持续2-4日。
例14 In seers chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continused with one ampoule eery other day, injected slowly by the intraenous route.
治疗严重的慢性疾病时,治疗从每日1-2支利胆素注射剂开始,继续治疗时每隔一日1安瓶缓慢静脉注射。
例15 The number of injections required may ary from from patient to patient.
所需注射次数因患者而异。
例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the indiidual metabolic state.
格路特利的剂量需由医生根据每个患者的代谢状况调整。
例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced.
在这种情况下,建议减少剂量。
例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient.
维持剂量视患者对药物的反应而定。
从上述例句可见,本项中英语的普通词汇较多,只要有一定的英语基础均可读懂,专业词汇多为医学词汇,可从英汉医学词典中查出。
英文药品说明书的写法——第七节 不良反应
不良反应这一项中包括药物的副作用、症状及体征、毒性作用及耐受力、过敏反应、停药等。现分述如下:
1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有:
Aderse Reaction(s)不良反应 Unwanted(Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反应
2“副作用”的常用的英语表示法有:
Side-effect 副作用 Unwanted(Undesirable) Effects 副作用
Side Reaction 副作用 By-effects 副作用
3.常见的霉副反应的症状及体征的词语很多,但记住下列词语很有必要:
allergic (hypersensitie,anaphylactic)reaction 过敏反应
allergy(hypersensitiity) 过敏 dizzziness 眩晕
gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道 feer 发热
local reaction 局部反应 flush 潮红
skin reaction(s)皮肤反应 headache 头痛
symptom(s)症状 nausea 恶心
systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙痒
anorexia 厌食 rash 皮疹
blood count 白细胞计数 spasm 痉挛
blood pressure 血压 thirst 口渴
coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦
diarrhea 腹泻 omiting 呕吐
4.“霉性”、“耐受性”的英语表示法:
toxicity 毒性
tolerance(tolerability) 耐受力,耐药性
tolerate(toleration) 耐受
5.“停药”的英语表示法举例:
abandon 停药
discontinue(discontinuance,discontinuation) 停药,中断(治疗)
cease(cessation)(stop)停药(停止治疗)
don't use 勿使用(停药)
suspend 停药
terminate 停止,结束
withdraw(be withdrawn,withdrawal)停药
6.其他一些常见的基本词汇及短语:
acute 急性的 control(be controlled)控制
chronic 慢性的 diminish(reduce,reduction)减少
common 常见的 disappear 消失
irreersible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到,见到
mild 轻微的 gie rise to 产生
normal 正常的 include 包括
rare(ly)罕见的(地) lead to 导致
reerside 可逆的 manifest 表明,显示
seere 严重的 obsere(be obsered)(被)观察到
temporary 暂时的 produce 产生
transient 一过性的,短暂的 react to 对……反应
appear(deelop,happen,occur)出现(产生)
result from 由……引起 be reported (被)报道
result in 导致 cause (be caused by) (由……)引起
treat(treatment) 治疗
special care(caution)should be exercised 特别小心(注意)
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported aderse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, omiting, dyspepsia, abdomina pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus.
环丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常报道的副作用有:恶心、腹泻、呕吐、消化不良、腹痛、头痛、不安、皮疹、头晕及瘙痒。
例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine.
施乐凯的副作用根罕见,因为任何过量的钾都迅速由尿排出。
例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. enous irritatiion or hypersensitiity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only obsered in isolated cases.
用推荐剂量治疗时,仅见个别的静脉刺激或过敏反应(皮肤及粘膜反应)病例。
例4 When aderse reactions occur, they are usually reersible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued.
当不良反应发生时,它们往往是可逆的,停用激素后副作用即消失。
例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough druing the treatment.
最严重的副作用是骨髓损害,因此在治疗期间,要经常监测白细胞计数。
例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage.
这些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暂时降低剂量便自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) oer 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reersible after cessation of therapy.
大剂量连续输注超过 5~7日(超过 200mg/m2/日),胃肠道并发症更为明显,偶尔可导致肠梗阻。停药后副作用皆可逆转。
例 8 In some patients nausea, dizziness,and omiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered.
服用本品的头几天,有些病人可能会出现恶心、头晕和呕吐,但不必停药。偶有血压下降的病例,为此,在治疗开始前建议对门诊患者检测血压。若副作用持续不消失,应减少服用剂量。
例9 Major aderse reactions (much less common than the minor aderse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug feer and hepatitis.
较重的不良反应(远不及轻度不良反应常见)包括抑制骨髓细胞生成,药物热及肝炎。
例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with omiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
副作用:多数病例出现食欲减退、恶心,有时呕吐。这些症状通常发生在治疗的最初几天,以后逐渐消失。
英文药品说明书的写法——第八节 注意事项
“注意事项”也是药品说明书中的重要内容之一。为了安全用药,厂商在本项中特别强调应注意的事项,其中主要包括:正确的剂量和用法,超过剂量时的应急措施,用药对象,可能出现的较严重的副作用及治疗方案,药物的配伍,药液的配制、使用及保管等、方面的注意事项。现就本项内容详细介绍如下:
1. 本项常用的英语表示法:
Precaution(s) 注意事项 Special note(caution, precaution)特别注意
Caution 注意事项 N.B. 注意
Noto 注意 Warning 警告
有时也用:
Important 重要事项 Important for the patients 患者须知
2. 本项中常见的检查项目:
blood count 血细胞汁数 Kidney (renal) function 肾功能
blood picture(hemogram) 血象 Lier(hepatic)function 肝功
blood leel 血浓度 serum concentration 血清浓度
blood pressure 血压 serum creatinine test 血清肌酸酐检验
clotting time 凝血时间 urine routine(examination) 尿常规
creatinine clearance 肌酸酐清除率
3. 本项的特点是内容长短不一,有难有易;词汇量大,涉及面广,既有普通词汇,也有大量的专业词汇及编写词。许多词汇、结构和句型可在药理作用、适应症、禁忌症、剂量和用法、副作用,贮藏等项中见到。从英语结构上分析,句型变化较多,长句、难句也屡屡出现,是比较难读的一个项目。
例1 Warnings and precautions: Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in epileptics and patients with a history of CNS disorders and only if the benefits of treatment are considered to outweight the risk of possible CNS side-effects.
警告和注意事项:癫痫病人及有中枢神经系统病史的患者慎用环丙沙星,仅当认为疗效超过可能产生的中枢神经系统副作用的危险时才可使用。
例2 Ciprofloxacin could result in impainnent of the patients ability to drie or operate machinary, particularly in conjunction with alcohol.
环丙沙星能损害人们驾驶汽车或操纵机器的能力,尤其是在饮酒之后。
例3 Warnings: epeside should be administered under the superision of a qualified physicain experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
警告:泛必治应该在使用治疗癌症的化疗制剂方面有经验、有资格的医生的监护下使用。
例4 The most serious risk associated with anticoagulant therapy with sodium warfarin are hemorrhage in any tissue or organ and less frequently, necrosis and/ or gangrene of skin and other tissues. The risk of hermorrhage is related to leel of intensity and the duration of anticoagulant therapy.
用华注林钠进行抗凝治疗产生的最严重的危险就是组织或器官出血,以及不大常出现的皮肤和其他组织的坏死和(或)坏疽。出血的危险与抗凝治疗的药物浓度(水平)及疗程长短有关。
例5 The occurrence of a platelet count below 50,000/mm3 or an absolute neutrophil count below 500/mm3 is an indication to withhold further therapy until the blood counts hae sufficiently recoered.
血小板数低于s0,000/mm3 或绝对中性白细胞数低于500/mm3 ,表明不能继续使用本品治疗,待白细胞计教充分恢复后才能继续用药。
例6 Warfarin therapy should be discontinued when warfarin is suspected to be the cause of deeloping necrosis and heparin therapy may be considered for anticoagulation.
当怀疑华法林治疗引起坏死时,则须停止治疗,并且考虑使用肝素治疗。
例7 Dosage should be controlled by periodic determinations of prothrombin time(PT) or other suitable coagulation tests.
必须定期检查凝血酶原时间(PT),或做其他相应的凝血试验来控制剂量。
例8 Please note Cerebral conulsie disease is regarded as a relatie contraindication for examinations in the subarachnoid space. If after careful consideration, these examinations are neertheless performed, all equipment and medicines necessary to counter any conulsions may occur must be prepared ready for use beforehand.
请注意:脑惊厥被认为相对禁止进行蛛网膜下腔检查,如经谨慎考虑后、仍要进行这些检查时.必须事先备妥应付可能发生惊厥所需的所有设备与药品。
例9 Caution must be exercised in the case of hypersensitiity to iodinated contrast media, latent hyperthyroidism and bland nodular goitre.
对碘造影剂过敏、隐匿性甲状腺亢进和轻微甲状腺肿的病例,应慎重。
例10 Caution Alcohol intake may enhance nitrate effects and occasionally induce hypotension with subsequent impairment of reactiity. During the first three months of pregnancy drugs should only be used on the express direction of the attendant physician. Isket spray should not be stored at temperatures aboe 25。C! Temperatures aboe 40 ℃ are to be be aoided, een for bried periods! Do not force canister open, een when empty!
注意:饮酒可增强硝酸盐的作用、偶尔引起低血压,继而损害反应力。妊娠三个月时,只有在监护医生明确指导下才可使用本品。异舒吉喷雾剂的贮存温度不应超过25℃!避免超过40℃。即使短时间也不可!不要用力开罐,即使空罐时也不可用力开!勿使儿童接触本品
例11 As with all new drugs, patients should be followed carefully so that any side-effects or unusual manifestations of drug idiosyncrasy may be detected. If any allergic reaction to Keflex occurs, the drug should be discontinued and the patient treated with the usual agents.
像使用所有新药一样,应细心地随访患者,以便观察任何副作用或药物特异反应。如果出现对头抱菌素I的过敏反应,应停药,并用常规药物治疗患者。
例12 In patients with normal renal function, chronic hypercalcemia may be associated with an increase in serum creatinine. While this is usually reersible, It is important in such patients to pay careful attention to those factors which may lead to hypercalcemia.
对于肾功能正常的患者,慢性高钙血症可能与血清肌酸酐增多有关。这通常虽然是可逆的,然而对这样的病人,密切注意可能导致血钙过多的各种因素是很重要的。
例13 Precautions 一Aoid the concomitant use, in the absence of special monitoring laboratory of parameters, of anticoagulants or aspirin. 一Inform the attending physician in the eent of bleeding or of the occurence of a hematoma.
注意事项:在无化验室参考指标的专门监测情况下,避免与抗凝剂或阿司匹林合用。如发生出血或出现血肿,应通知主治医生。
例14 Periodical examination of hepatic or renal function and blood picture is desirable since Kedacillin may increase SGOT. SGPT and BUN, and decrease erythrocyte and leucocyte.
磺苄青霉素钠可使血清谷-草转氨酶,血清谷-丙转氨酶和血液尿素氮增高,使红细胞和白细胞减少.所以最好要定期检查肝、肾功能和血象。
例15 N.B.Transference from insuline to Glutril may be attempted in case of maturity-onset diabetes with obesity;dosage is based upon the result of the necessarily frequent metablic tests.
注意:伴有肥胖症的成年型糖尿病患者,可试从胰岛素改用格路特利治疗,剂量应以必须经常进行的代谢试验为依据。
英文药品说明书的写法——第九节 包 装
1“包装”在英文药品说明书中的表示法有许多,最常用的是Pack(Package)和Supply,例如:
Pack (Packing(s)) 包装 Supplys(Supplied) 包装
Package 包装 How Supplied 包装方式
Packing for Hospital 医院用包装 Method of Supply 包装方式
Package Quantitiess( Quantity)包装量
此外还有,
Presentation 包装 Hospital (Size) Packs 医院用包装
Aailability 包装 Trade Packs(Packings) 商品包装
Mode(Form)of Issue 包装
2 常见的包装单位(工具)的英语表示法:
ampoule 安瓿 carton 纸盒
blister pack(package) 铝塑包装(水泡眼包装)
pack 包
blister strip 铝塑条状包装(水泡眼条包装)
sheet 张
bottle 瓶
strip 条
box 盒
tube 管
canist 罐
ial 玻璃小瓶
3 药物的常见剂型的英语表示法:
aerosol (spray, inhaler) 气雾剂 ampoule 针剂
capsules 胶囊 oral solution 口服液
coated(-)tablets 包衣片 pill 丸剂
cream 乳膏 powder 粉剂
derm TTS 皮肤贴膏 retard capsules (tablets) 缓释胶囊(片)
dregees 糖衣丸 scored-tablets 刻(划)痕片
drops 滴剂 solution 溶液剂
emulsion 乳剂栓剂 sugar-coated tablets 糖衣片
film-coated tablets 薄膜片。膜衣片
suppositories 栓剂
granule 颗粒 suspension 悬浮剂,混悬剂
injection 注射剂,针剂
sustainedrelease tablets 恒(缓)释片
liniment 搽剂 syrup 糖浆
liquid 液剂 tablets 片剂
ointment 软膏
4 本项的结构特点;内容结构简单,多为不完全句,或仅仅列出包装工具、剂型、装量等,词汇量容易阅读。
例1 Presentation 30 capsules.
包装:30粒胶囊装。
例2 Packages:Box containing one 100 mg bottle
包装:盒装,每盒1瓶,每瓶100 mg。
例3 Packing Bottle of 12 capsules 250 mg and 500 mg.Bxo of 12 capsules 250 mg in blister.
Bottle for pediatri use (granulated): 20 gm granulated contain 1 gm ampicillin, The content of the spoon included in the packing corresponds to 100 mg ampicillin.
包装瓶装12粒胶囊,每粒含量250或500mg。盒装12粒胶囊(水泡眼包装),每粒含量250mg。瓶装儿童用颗粒剂:20克颗粒剂每瓶含有 1 g 氨苄青霉素。附在包装内的一匙的量,相当于1O0 mg 氨苄青霉素。
例4 Mode of issue Ceopran Is issued in ials containing 250 mg, 500 mg and 1 gram of cephaloridine.
包装方式本品小瓶包装,内装 250mg、500mg及 1 g 头抱菌素II。
例5 Trade packs Trade packs containing 50 and 100 sugar coated tablets.
商品包装 50 及 100 糖衣片包装。
例6 Packs(Madopar)250: Cross-scrored tablets each containing 200mg leodopa+50 mg benserazide.
包装 美多巴”250”刻痕片,每片含200mg左族多巴50mg羟苄丝肼。
例7 Method of supply Tablets in tubes, each containing 30 tablets. Paint in glass bottles of 24 ml.Meladinine is supplied only on prescription.
包装方式 管装片剂.每管30片。玻璃瓶装搽剂,每瓶24ml。敏白灵只按处方供药。
例8 Aailability Syrup: Orbenin syrup is aailable in bottles containing reconstitutable powder for preparing an aqueous solution. When dispensed each 5 ml teaspoonful contains 125mg cloxacillin as the sodium salt.
包装 糖浆:全霉林糖浆为瓶装,内含可供再配制水溶液的粉末。配制后的每茶匙5ml药液中含125ml 邻氯青霉素钠盐,
例9 How supplied Tablets: Coumadin (crystalline Wartarin Sodium USP), For oral use, single scored imprinted numericallyand Packaged in bottles with potencies and colors as follows:
包装 片剂:香豆定(结晶华法林钢一美国药典标准)。供口服。药片上有一条划痕,印有数字。瓶装,效价及颜色如下:
例10 Also aailable in Hospital Unit-Dose blister package of 100.
也提供医院用的单位剂量的铝塑包装,(每包〕100片装。
例11 Temaril 250:white, film-coated tablets marked on one side with 250, each tablet containing 291.5mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate (equialent 50 250mg ciprofoxacin).
替马利尔25U:白色有刻痕标记的薄膜片,一面刻有“250mg”字样、每片含 291.5mg 盐酸环丙沙星-水合物(相当于250mg环丙沙星)。
例12 Packs Standard packs of 20 dregees Hospital packs of 100,500 and 1000 dregees.
包装 标准包装为20粒糖衣九。医院用包装为100,500及1000粒糖衣丸。
例13 Package ouantities Beconase Nasal Spray is a metered-dose aerosolsol with a specially designed nasal applicator. Each canister proides 200 sprays.
包装 喷雾剂是一种气雾剂.配有专门设计可供鼻用的喷雾器,每罐可喷雾 200次。
英文药品说明书的写法——第十节 贮存
“贮存”的英语常用表示法是Storage。本项中常用的一些短语有:
store (keep) in a cool and dry place 存于于阴凉干燥处
away from light 避光
away from children 勿让儿童接触
protect from light (heat) 避光(热)
out of (the) reach of children 勿让儿童触及
preent moisture 防潮
本项的句子较简单多为一简单句,其中多为祈使句;用词也不多。
例1 store medicines carefully. Keep away from children.
注意保存.勿让儿童接触。
例2 Stroe below 25℃ protecting from freezing and light.
存于25℃以下,防冻,避光。
例3 alidity and storage. The solution will keep for fie years if stored at a emperature below +20℃.
有效期及贮法:放置于20℃以下可保存5年。
例4 Storage instructions: Protect from heat and light.
贮存方法;避光及防热贮存。
例5 To be stored in a dry place at a temperature not aboe 25℃.
存于不高于25℃的干燥之处。
例6 Do not store the suppositories oer 25℃.
本栓剂不得存于25℃以上的温度。
例7 store at below 25℃ and protect from moisture,
存于25℃以下,防潮。
例8 The solution should be prepared immediately prior to use, but can be stored at 4℃ or up to one week.
药液应在配制后立即使用,但在4℃下可贮存一周。
有时也有较复杂的结构,或较多的内容,如:
例9 Ampoules and unopened nasal spray bottles should should be stored in a refrigerator (2—8℃). Onceopened the nasal spray bottle must be kept at room temperature; it should be kept in the upright position and used for a maximum of 4 weeks. Like all drugs,Miacalcic should be kept out of reach of children.
安瓿或未开启的喷雾剂瓶应存于冰箱(2-8℃)中。喷雾剂瓶一旦开启。就应于室温下保存、药瓶应直立存放,使用时间最多为4周。与其他药物一样,密钙息应妥善保存,勿让儿童接触。
例10 Protect from light. Store in carton until contents hae been used. Store at controlled room temperature(59一86F, 15℃一30℃). Dispense in al tight, light-resistant container as defined in the U.S.P.
避光保存。药片在使用前于纸盒中保存。在恒温室温(59~86F,15℃一30℃)下保存。调剂时,使用美国药典规定的密闭,避光容器。
例11 Fungizone intraenous in powder form should be stored in the refrigerator, protected against exposure to light. The concentrate may be stored in the dark, at room temperature for 24 hours, or at refrigeratortemperatures for one week with minimal loss of potency and clarity. Any unused material should then be discarded.
两性霉素B粉剂应避光存于冰箱中。浓缩液可存于暗处,室温下可保存Z4小时,或可在冰箱 温度下保存一周,其效价及澄明度变化极小。那以后一切尚未用的药物就应弃之。
英文药品说明书的写法——第十一节 其他项目
上述10项是绝大多数英文药品说明书中必备项目,但是许多说明书中还常常出现其他一些项目。例如:
1、特点(Characteristics),
2、性质(Properties),
3、药代动力学(Phamacokinetics),
4、用药过量(Oerdosage),
5、相互作用(Interactions),
6、有效期(alidity),
7、其他可能出现的项目。
现将各项简要分述如下:
1、Characteristics(特点)或Features(特点)的主要内容是药物的药理作用特点、疗效、剂量及药物代谢等。所以本项内的英语词汇及结构特点与“药理学”、“剂量”等项内容相似。
例1 Characteristics:
1)Aserin Is an entirely new and patented cough medicine deeloped by Tanabe's rocess.
2)Aserin being a non-narcotic, can be used as a common medicine.
3)Antitussie effect of Aserin is equal to or more powerful than that of codeine.
4)Aserin is proided with an expectoranting action which has been neer found in any conentional antitussitie agents so far aailable in the market.
5)Aserin can be administered safely for a long duration without any sideeffect.
特点1)安嗽灵是一种全新的、获有专利的用塔那勃氏方法研制的镇咳药。
2)安嗽灵属非麻醉药,可作为常用药使用。
3)安嗽灵的镇咳作用相当于或强于可待因。
4)安嗽灵的祛痰作用是迄今市场上可买到的常用镇咳药中前所未有的。
5)安嗽灵可长期服用,既安全又无副作用。
2. Properties(Property)(性质):本项内容与Characteristics 基本相同。
例2 Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite of folic acid which has been used for a long time in thechemotherapy of tumours.
氨甲叶酸(简称MTX)为甲酰四氢叶酸的抗代谢物,长期以来一直用作治疗肿瘤的化疗药物。
例3 Unlike nitroglycerine, it is not rapidly inactiated in the lier and a reliable clinical effect can be expected. Toxicity is low-effects are minimal with Motazomin.
脉心导敏与硝酸甘油不同,在肝脏不能迅速失活,因而可望具有可靠的临床效果,本品毒性小,副作用极为轻微。
例4 Urgenin acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing the swelling in the prostatic bladder region caused by general obstruction. It also stimulates the blood circulation in this area and the body's natural defence mechanism.
护前列腺素具有抗炎作用,能减轻前列腺膀胱区因一般性梗阻引起的肿胀,本品能刺激上述部位的血液循环,并增加机体的自然防御机制。
例5 Medomin induces restoratie sleep lasting 6-8 hours. Because it is rapidly and completely broken down in the body, it is unlikely to produce morning hangoer and does not cumulate. It retains its full actiity een when used repeatedly.
美多眠可使消除疲劳的睡眠持续6~8小时;由于本品在体内能迅速和完全分解,因而不会产生清晨的“残留作用.也没有积蓄作用。即使经常服用,本品仍能保持充分的活性。
3.Pharmacokinetics(药物代谢动力学) 的内容王要是代谢(metabolism),吸收(absorption),分布与排泄(distribution and elimination)等:
例6 Ampicillin is stable in the presence of gastic acid and is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (30-60% of a dose being absorbed by this route). Its absorpt-ion, howeer, is diminished when it is taken fogether with food.
氨苄青霉素在胃酸中稳定.而且易被胃肠道吸收(30~60%的一次剂量经此途径吸收)然而与食物共服,其吸收减少。
例7 The absolute bioaailability of Miacalic fouowing intramuscular or subcutaneous injection is approximately 70%. Its peak plasma concentration is attained within one hour and it has half-life of elimination of 70-90 minutes.Up to 95% of the dose is excreted ia the kidneys, 2% as unchanged drug. The apparent olume of distribution is 0.15~0.31/kg and protein binding 30~40%.
肌注或者下注射后.密钙息的绝对生物利用率约为70%。1小时内其血药浓度可达高峰,其半衰期为 70~90分钟。高达95%的剂量经由肾脏排出,2%以其不变的药物原型排出。表观分布容积为0.15~0.31/kg、蛋白质结合率为 30~4C%。
例8 Midazolam is completely metabolized in the body. The primary metabolite is a-hydroxy-midazolam, which can be traced in the plasma. Immediately after its formation, this actie metabolite is conjugated with glucuronic acid(inactlation)and then eliminated by the kidneys.
速眠安在体内代谢完全,主要的代谢产物为a-羟基速眠安,可在血浆中查出。代谢产物形成后,此活性代谢物便立即与葡萄糖醛酸结合(失活),然后由肾脏排出。
4. Oerdosage(超剂量,药物过量)主要介绍用药过量所产生的后果(effect),症状(signs and symptoms)及处理(treatment)方法。其英语词汇和结构等与“剂量与用法”,“副作用”,“注意事项”等项目中的词汇和结构相似。
例9 Oerdosage may gie rise to the following signs and symptoms: tremor, xcitation, conulsions, changes in blood pressure impairment of consciousness, and coma. EEG and ECG changes may also occur.
Treatment: Measures to monitor and safeguard ital functions. Administration of diazepam wherenecessary.
超剂量可能引起下列体征和症状:震颤、兴奋、痉挛、血压改变、意识损害及昏迷。心电图和脑电图也可能发生改变。
治疗:采取措施监护重要器官的功能。必要时给予安定。
例10 Manifestations of Halcion oerdosage include extensions of its pharmacological actiity, namely somnolence and hypnosis. As in all cases of drug oerdosage, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure should be monitored and supported by general measures when necessary. Immediate gastric laage should be performed. Intraenous fluids should be administered and an adequate airway maintained.
好尔睡服用过量的表现是其药理活性的扩展,即嗜睡和催眠。像处理所有药物过量的病例一样,必须对呼吸、脉搏和血压进行监测,必要时采用通用措施,应立即洗胃、静脉输液,并保持呼吸道畅通。
5. Interactions或drug Interactions(相互作用,或药物的交互作用):本项内容主要是介绍药物合用时的注意事项。
例11 Temaril tablets should not be administered with 4 hours of medications containing mgnesium,aluminium or iron salts as interference with absorption may occur.
在使用了含镁、铝或铁盐的药物之后的4小时内不应使用环丙沙星片剂,因为可能影响吸收。
例12 Simultaneous consumption of alcohol can impair reaction time. e.g. in traffic or during operation of machines. At higher dosage of Elantan 20 wlth simultaneous administration of blood-pressure-lowering medicaments the effect of the latter can be potentiated.
同时饮酒可能损害反应时间,例如驾驶车辆或操纵机器期间。大量服用单硝酸异山梨醇的同时服用降血压药物,可能会增强后者的药效。
例13 Dormicum can enhance the central sedatie effect of neuroleptics, tranquitizers, antidepressants, sleep-inducing drugs, analgesics and anesthetics.
速眠安能增强神经抑制剂、安定剂、抗抑郁剂、催眠、镇静剂和麻醉剂的中枢神经镇静作用。
例14 Concomitant treatment with other asodilators, calcium antagonists, betablockers, diuretics, antihypertensies, tricyclic antidepressants, major tranquilizers, and dihydroergotamine, as well as the consumption of alcohol, may potentiate the blood pressure lowering effect of Nitroderm TTS.
与其他药物,例如:血管扩张药、钙桔抗剂、B-受体阻断剂、利尿剂、抗高血压药、三环抗抑郁药、
强镇静剂及二氢麦角胺合用,以及饮酒等,可加强硝酸甘油护心贴膏的降血压作用。
6。alidity(有效期):药品的有效期或失效期有以下几种表示方法:
alidity 有效期 storage life 贮存期
Expiry(Exp.) date 失效(日)期 Shelf life 贮存期(贮藏期限)
Expiring 失效期 Stability 稳定性
Expiration date 失效(日)期
例15 Expiry: 18 months (Expiry date is printed on the ial label.)
有效期:18个月(失效日期印在瓶签上)。
例16 alidity and storage: The solution will keep for fie years if stored at a temperature below +20℃
有效期及贮存法:于20℃以下可保存5年。
例17 Stability: Cefoperazone is stable at least 24 hours in aqueous solutions, stored at temperature which ranges from 5 to 25℃.The powder form is really effectie till the expiry date indicated on packings.
稳定性:头孢哌酮存于5~25℃温度下的稳定性至少可达24小时。木品粉剂的药效实际上可保持到包装上规定的失效日期。
例18 Stability: See expiry date on the outside of the pack.
稳定性;见外包装上的失效日期
例19 Shelf-life: The drug should not be used after the expiry date(=Exp) printed on pack.
木品超过包装上印刷的有效期后不得使用,
7. 其他可能出现的项目:
1) References 参考文献 Literature 参考文献
2) Clinical dtaa 临床数据
3) Formula(Formulation) 分子式
4) Recommendations 建议
5) Remark 注意 Attention 注意
6) Tolerance 耐受性
7) Intormation for the patients 患者须知
8) Further information 补充资料
9) Batch No 批号
10)Made in 由……制造 Produced by 由…生产
Manufactured(Manfd)by 由…制造
11)Pharmaceuticala Precautions 药品的注意事项
还可能有其他项目.这里不再列举。
以上是英文药品说明书中的主要项目的英文标题,不同的表示方法,结构特点,常用词,短语及句型等。掌握这些内容有助于了解英文说明书的脉络,但要完全理解说明书的全部内容还需要经过一番努力。
qq:99874758
email:bobostarxd@126.com
多交流:)
The ministry of healthy , goernment of India has issued new regulations for companies wishing to import their products into India, these regulation will come into effect from 1st april,2003.It will become mandatory that then an importer applies for renewal/new licenses for a company and its product, it will hae to be accomplished by a “Registration Certificate” . This certificate will be issued by MOH after receiing the necessary registration fees and after scrutinizing the documents submitted to them.
努力!
附件形式!
英文藥品説明書的寫法.doc (142.5k)
dwl-case report.ppt (141.5k)
卫生部,印度政府公布了针对进口产品的新法规,这些法规将从2003年4月1日起实施。它将明令规定,厂家及其产品新的或更换进口申请许可必须获得“注册证”。这个注册证由卫生部在收到注册费及详细审查了提交的文件之后颁发。
这句话怎么翻译更得体?
谢谢!csgll@ah163.com
facturing Practice for Pharmaceutical Products.rar (14.09k)
由于工作的关系(外贸), 英语就是工具, 几乎时时刻刻都在接触. 刚开始接触外贸工作,对于阅读大量的外文东东深感头疼(虽然考了四六级,但那是应试教育).
首先,尝试着自己用英语写文章,信件,电子邮件. 增加使用英语的机会,网上聊天也是英语, 一个比较好的办法就是, 在MSN上加些外国朋友, 或者用另外一个商务办公通话软件: skype(全球的)。时间长了,你自己就发现,已经很习惯和人用英语交流了。
下一步,就是多多光顾国际网站,开始会有些不习惯,但一定要坚持(大约两周左右,就会发现读文章不是那么头疼了)。可浏览自己感兴趣或者和工作密切相关的网站,这样就会对产品或者项目比较熟悉。
再有就是多读药典,文献。我想这是很多战友工作中必须的当然是英文的,坚持最重要了,时间长了就会有进步。
给大家介绍一个翻译网站,挺好用,不要过分依赖哟。
http://www.hjtrans.com/
以上是在下的一点心得,请大家多多建议,多多讨论!
感觉和大家差距挺大的!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!11111
i do not agree with you. Englidh is ery important to my work. Especially in written English and spoken English, and listening and reading. Only fluent English could be exchanged with foreign businessman's well.
and medical is important for us, is also important for our health. So our trade must be within the law, not only the law in China, but also need within the law around world . So we hae to read law and registration documents, so English is ery important.
强烈建议加分.
发表者QINQIN 时间 2010-06-30 06:12:01 PM
0 条评论
求助药物微球的过滤问题
关于那格列奈片的为题求助战友们
【请教】灭菌工艺验证
有关磺胺甲恶唑混悬液的问题
流化床滤头的清洗方法
维安脂乳剂为什么会长酶菌?
常温库是否一定要有排气扇
薄膜包衣问题及解决办法
片剂崩解问题,用挡板片子能在规定的时间内崩解,不用挡板片子就崩解不了!
苯甲酸钠
©2001-2010 cadjy.com 闽ICP备09012749号 联系我们室内装修 手机维修