【medical-news】乌干达：犯罪性HIV扩散问题复杂

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Uganda: Intricate Issues With Criminalising HI Spread

HI/Aids is the greatest threat to this generation. It has killed millions of lies, orphaned millions of children, depried both the priate and the public sector of hundreds of employees and continues to seerely impact on all aspects of our lies.

Its impact has been felt mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This explains why different measures and strategies hae been and are being deised to put an end to the spread of this scourge.


One of the strategies that has been proposed is the criminalisation of the deliberate spread of HI. President, Yoweri Museeni, has called for a law to punish those who intentionally spread HI. He is of the iew that people who knowingly spread HI are murderer.

We all agree with the president that those who 'intentionally' spread HI need to be dealt with seerely for many reasons one of which being that there is no known cure for Aids. But the questions we need to answer, and many countries that hae attempted to criminalise the wilful transmission of HI hae grappled with, are:

Should we categorise people who intentionally spread HI as murderers? If so, can such people be charged with murder under the Penal Code Act? For a person to be conicted of murder under the Ugandan law, the prosecution must proe at least the following:

(1) actus reus -the act of killing (criminal act) took place and

(2) mens rea - the accused had the intention to kill. This means that it must be shown that the deceased died as a result of the acts of the accused. In other words, the accused must surie the deceased. Unless the ictim dies, you cannot charge the perpetrator with murder.

Should pregnant women who refuse to take Neirapine which is freely aailable in many hospitals and transmit HI to their newly-born babies also be charged with murder?

Should a person who is HI positie fail to declare their status to partners but that person (the one who is HI+) insists on using a condom and the condom breaks during the intercourse and thereby infects his/her partner with HI also be charged with murder or manslaughter?

Is there any scientific, empirical or any other form of eidence that deliberate spread of HI occurs to such an extent that its criminalisation is necessary?

Can we rely on already existing criminal law proisions like causing grieous bodily harm instead of coming up with a new law?

Will the creation of a new offence not place another burden on our already stretched office of the DPP? Do we hae the financial resources to implement such a law? Does the Judiciary hae the capacity to handle such cases? Are judges and magistrates trained in HI/AIDS related issues and the politics surrounding such issues?

Releant Links

East Africa
Uganda
HI-Aids and STDs
Legal and Judicial Affairs
Human Rights



How will the prosecution and the Judiciary ensure that the rights of the accused, especially the right to priacy are not infringed in the process? How will they proe that it is the accused that infected the ictim with the irus?

Most people in Uganda who are HI+ are not aware of their status and how will the prosecution proe that such people had knowledge that they were HI+ and therefore liable for prosecution? Which type of knowledge would be required in this case? Will it be actual, constructie or imputed knowledge?

The aboe and many other issues hae to be addressed. A leaf may be borrowed from the South African Law Commission which, in its Project 85: The Need for a Statutory Offence Aimed at Harmful HI-Related Behaiour Fifth Interim Report (2001), critically looked at those issues and concluded that criminalising deliberate transmission of HI is not the best way to stop the spread of the disease.

Uganda: Intricate Issues With Criminalising HI Spread
乌干达：犯罪性的HI传播是个棘手问题
HI/Aids is the greatest threat to this generation. It has killed millions of lies, orphaned millions of children, depried both the priate and the public sector of hundreds of employees and continues to seerely impact on all aspects of our lies.
对这一代来说，HI/AIDS是最大的威胁。数以百万计的人因此丧生，数以百万计的孩子成为孤儿，使得私人和公共部门数以百计的丧失员工，HI/AIDS继续在各个方面严重影响我们的生活。
Its impact has been felt mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This explains why different measures and strategies hae been and are being deised to put an end to the spread of this scourge.
感触最深的是撒哈拉以南的非洲地区。这就是为什么各种不同的措施和策略都已经和正在该地区应用来阻止瘟疫的传播。

One of the strategies that has been proposed is the criminalisation of the deliberate spread of HI. President, Yoweri Museeni, has called for a law to punish those who intentionally spread HI. He is of the iew that people who knowingly spread HI are murderer.
其中的一个策略是将故意传播HI列为犯罪行为。Yoweri Museeni总统已经要制定法律来处罚那些故意传播HI的人。他的观点是，故意传播HI相当于谋杀。
We all agree with the president that those who 'intentionally' spread HI need to be dealt with seerely for many reasons one of which being that there is no known cure for Aids. But the questions we need to answer, and many countries that hae attempted to criminalise the wilful transmission of HI hae grappled with, are:
我们同意总统的意见，故意传播HI确实应给予重罚，最重要的原因是艾滋病目前不可治愈。但是，我们需要回答下面的几个问题，许多试图将给予传播HI列为犯罪的国家已经面临解决这些问题，这些问题是：
Should we categorise people who intentionally spread HI as murderers? If so, can such people be charged with murder under the Penal Code Act? For a person to be conicted of murder under the Ugandan law, the prosecution must proe at least the following:
我们是否应该对故意传播HI作为谋杀犯罪进行分类？如果是，这些人能够按照刑法被控告吗？在乌干达的法律中，一个人被指控谋杀，起诉必须至少证实以下几条：
(1) actus reus -the act of killing (criminal act) took place and
（1）actus reus –杀人行为
(2) mens rea - the accused had the intention to kill. This means that it must be shown that the deceased died as a result of the acts of the accused. In other words, the accused must surie the deceased. Unless the ictim dies, you cannot charge the perpetrator with murder.
(2) mens rea –被告有杀人动机。这意味着必须证明，被告的行为是导致死者死亡的原因。换句话说，被告必须比死者活得长。如果被害者不死，你就不能指控被告谋杀。
Should pregnant women who refuse to take Neirapine which is freely aailable in many hospitals and transmit HI to their newly-born babies also be charged with murder?
是否孕妇拒绝使用免费的奈韦拉平阻断新生儿HI感染是谋杀呢？
Should a person who is HI positie fail to declare their status to partners but that person (the one who is HI+) insists on using a condom and the condom breaks during the intercourse and thereby infects his/her partner with HI also be charged with murder or manslaughter?
HI感染者隐瞒病情，但与伴侣性交时坚持使用安全套，不过安全套破裂导致伴侣感染了HI，这种情况是否应指控谋杀或过失杀人呢？
Is there any scientific, empirical or any other form of eidence that deliberate spread of HI occurs to such an extent that its criminalisation is necessary?
有没有任何科学的、经验的或任何其它形式的证据能够界定哪种程度的故意传播HI是犯罪行为？
Can we rely on already existing criminal law proisions like causing grieous bodily harm instead of coming up with a new law?
我们是依靠现有的现形的如严重机体伤害罪那样的犯罪法律，还是创建新的法律呢？
Will the creation of a new offence not place another burden on our already stretched office of the DPP? Do we hae the financial resources to implement such a law? Does the Judiciary hae the capacity to handle such cases? Are judges and magistrates trained in HI/AIDS related issues and the politics surrounding such issues?
创建一种新的犯罪行为是否将给我们已经狼狈不堪的DPP办公室增加更大的压力？我们是否有经济能力来实行这一法律？法官是否有能力除了这些案件？法官是否应接受HI/AIDS相关的问题和这些问题的政治问题的培训呢？
Releant Links
相关链接
East Africa
Uganda
HI-Aids and STDs
Legal and Judicial Affairs
Human Rights
东非
乌干达
HI-AIDS和性传播疾病
法律和法院事务
***

How will the prosecution and the Judiciary ensure that the rights of the accused, especially the right to priacy are not infringed in the process? How will they proe that it is the accused that infected the ictim with the irus?
起诉如何执行，法官才能确定被告的权利，尤其个***利在整个过程中不受侵害呢？他们如何确定被害者个人的病毒就是被告的呢？
Most people in Uganda who are HI+ are not aware of their status and how will the prosecution proe that such people had knowledge that they were HI+ and therefore liable for prosecution? Which type of knowledge would be required in this case? Will it be actual, constructie or imputed knowledge?
乌干达大多数人都对自己的HI感染状态不了解，起诉如何能够证实这些人对他们的HI感染状态有了解和对起诉的义务呢？在这种情况下，哪种知识是必需的呢？到底是事实，虚构，还是无知呢？
The aboe and many other issues hae to be addressed. A leaf may be borrowed from the South African Law Commission which, in its Project 85: The Need for a Statutory Offence Aimed at Harmful HI-Related Behaiour Fifth Interim Report (2001), critically looked at those issues and concluded that criminalising deliberate transmission of HI is not the best way to stop the spread of the disease.
以上这些问题都已经提出。内容均来自南非法律委员会的85号计划书，HI相关危害性行为需要定义为违法行为，第五个暂行报告（2001）以仔细的观看了这些问题，并且得出结论，将故意传播HI定义为违章行为不是阻止HI传播的最好办法。

乌干达：犯罪性的HI传播是个棘手问题
.
对这一代来说，HI/AIDS是最大的威胁。数以百万计的人因此丧生，数以百万计的孩子成为孤儿，使得私人和公共部门数以百计的丧失员工，HI/AIDS继续在各个方面严重影响我们的生活。
.
感触最深的是撒哈拉以南的非洲地区。这就是为什么各种不同的措施和策略都已经和正在该地区应用来阻止瘟疫的传播。

其中的一个策略是将故意传播HI列为犯罪行为。Yoweri Museeni总统已经要制定法律来处罚那些故意传播HI的人。他的观点是，故意传播HI相当于谋杀。
:
我们同意总统的意见，故意传播HI确实应给予重罚，最重要的原因是艾滋病目前不可治愈。但是，我们需要回答下面的几个问题，许多试图将给予传播HI列为犯罪的国家已经面临解决这些问题，这些问题是：
:
我们是否应该对故意传播HI作为谋杀犯罪进行分类？如果是，这些人能够按照刑法被控告吗？在乌干达的法律中，一个人被指控谋杀，起诉必须至少证实以下几条：
（1）actus reus –杀人行为

(2) mens rea –被告有杀人动机。这意味着必须证明，被告的行为是导致死者死亡的原因。换句话说，被告必须比死者活得长。如果被害者不死，你就不能指控被告谋杀。

是否孕妇拒绝使用免费的奈韦拉平阻断新生儿HI感染是谋杀呢？
HI感染者隐瞒病情，但与伴侣性交时坚持使用安全套，不过安全套破裂导致伴侣感染了HI，这种情况是否应指控谋杀或过失杀人呢？
有没有任何科学的、经验的或任何其它形式的证据能够界定哪种程度的故意传播HI是犯罪行为？
我们是依靠现有的现形的如严重机体伤害罪那样的犯罪法律，还是创建新的法律呢？

创建一种新的犯罪行为是否将给我们已经狼狈不堪的DPP办公室增加更大的压力？我们是否有经济能力来实行这一法律？法官是否有能力除了这些案件？法官是否应接受HI/AIDS相关的问题和这些问题的政治问题的培训呢？
相关链接

东非
乌干达
HI-AIDS和性传播疾病
法律和法院事务
***

起诉如何执行，法官才能确定被告的权利，尤其个***利在整个过程中不受侵害呢？他们如何确定被害者个人的病毒就是被告的呢？

乌干达大多数人都对自己的HI感染状态不了解，起诉如何能够证实这些人对他们的HI感染状态有了解和对起诉的义务呢？在这种情况下，哪种知识是必需的呢？到底是事实，虚构，还是无知呢？

以上这些问题都已经提出。内容均来自南非法律委员会的85号计划书，HI相关危害性行为需要定义为违法行为，第五个暂行报告（2001）以仔细的观看了这些问题，并且得出结论，将故意传播HI定义为违章行为不是阻止HI传播的最好办法。